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Question 101
Which method is most effective for detecting anomalous administrative activity in hybrid cloud environments?
A) Implementing SIEM integration with real-time cloud logging
B) Weekly manual review of cloud access reports
C) Endpoint antivirus scans on cloud-connected devices
D) Annual cloud configuration review
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing SIEM integration with real-time cloud logging is the most effective strategy for detecting anomalous administrative activity in hybrid cloud environments. Hybrid cloud deployments introduce complexity because resources are distributed across on-premises systems and multiple cloud platforms, making it difficult to monitor user activity and detect malicious behavior consistently. Option B, weekly manual review of cloud access reports, is inadequate because it is infrequent and reactive, leaving windows of vulnerability where attackers could exploit administrative accounts. Option C, endpoint antivirus scans, focus on malware detection but do not provide visibility into user or administrative activity in the cloud environment. Option D, annual cloud configuration reviews, are far too infrequent to catch active malicious behavior or privilege abuse in real time.
A well-integrated SIEM system aggregates logs from cloud service providers, internal servers, and applications, allowing security teams to detect patterns that indicate suspicious behavior. Features such as correlation rules, anomaly detection, and alert prioritization enable early identification of account misuse, privilege escalation, or lateral movement. In addition, real-time cloud logging ensures that no administrative action goes unnoticed, capturing critical events like creation of new superuser accounts, modification of IAM roles, or attempts to disable security controls. Advanced SIEMs also support machine learning-driven user and entity behavior analytics (UEBA) to detect deviations from established patterns, flagging accounts that act outside normal thresholds.
Continuous monitoring aligns with compliance standards such as PCI DSS, NIST CSF, and ISO 27001, which mandate visibility, monitoring, and control of privileged access. Organizations can respond faster to suspicious activity, reduce dwell time, and prevent unauthorized access from escalating into data breaches or operational disruption. By combining SIEM integration with real-time logging, security teams gain actionable intelligence, enhance their detection capabilities, and maintain a proactive security posture across hybrid environments. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 102
Which technique is best for identifying indicators of compromise in a large-scale enterprise network?
A) Endpoint detection and response (EDR) with automated threat hunting
B) Manual review of firewall logs
C) Annual vulnerability scanning of servers
D) Antivirus signature updates
Answer: A
Explanation:
Endpoint detection and response (EDR) with automated threat hunting is the best technique for identifying indicators of compromise (IoCs) in a large-scale enterprise network. Enterprise networks are often highly complex, with thousands of endpoints and distributed applications, making manual detection of compromise extremely difficult. Option B, manual review of firewall logs, is labor-intensive, prone to human error, and unable to detect subtle signs of ongoing attacks. Option C, annual vulnerability scanning, identifies potential weaknesses but cannot detect active threats or malicious activity. Option D, antivirus signature updates, only provide reactive protection against known malware and are ineffective against sophisticated attacks that do not match signatures.
EDR platforms provide continuous monitoring and recording of endpoint activities, such as process execution, file modifications, network connections, and user behavior. Automated threat hunting allows security teams to proactively search for IoCs using pre-defined rules, behavioral analytics, and machine learning algorithms. These systems can detect abnormal patterns like unusual file access, attempts to disable security controls, lateral movement, or data exfiltration. Integration with SIEM platforms further enhances detection by correlating endpoint activity with network traffic, authentication logs, and external threat intelligence, providing a holistic view of potential compromises.
Implementing EDR with automated threat hunting not only enables timely detection of active attacks but also supports incident response and forensic investigation by capturing detailed evidence of malicious behavior. This approach aligns with cybersecurity frameworks such as MITRE ATT&CK, NIST CSF, and CIS Controls, which emphasize continuous monitoring, detection, and response to threats. By leveraging EDR and automated threat hunting, organizations can reduce dwell time, prevent escalation of attacks, and maintain enterprise-wide security hygiene. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 103
Which control is most effective in preventing unauthorized privilege escalation on mission-critical servers?
A) Privileged access management (PAM) with session monitoring
B) Endpoint antivirus installation
C) Quarterly manual review of admin accounts
D) Firewall rule configuration
Answer: A
Explanation:
Privileged access management (PAM) with session monitoring is the most effective control for preventing unauthorized privilege escalation on mission-critical servers. Attackers often attempt to exploit weak administrative controls or misconfigured accounts to gain elevated privileges, potentially compromising sensitive systems. Option B, endpoint antivirus installation, protects against malware but does not control privilege escalation or prevent insider threats. Option C, quarterly manual review of admin accounts, is insufficient because it is reactive and infrequent, allowing attackers to exploit privileges undetected. Option D, firewall rule configuration, primarily protects network traffic and cannot prevent abuse of administrative credentials on critical servers.
PAM solutions enforce strict controls over privileged accounts, including multi-factor authentication, least privilege enforcement, time-based access, and approval workflows. Session monitoring captures all administrative activity, providing detailed audit trails and real-time alerts if unauthorized or suspicious actions are attempted. These controls prevent misuse of privileged accounts, reduce insider threat risk, and ensure that sensitive operations are traceable for compliance audits. Integrating PAM with SIEM and EDR platforms allows correlation of privilege activity with endpoint behavior and network anomalies, improving detection of lateral movement, malware deployment, and policy violations.
Continuous enforcement of privilege policies aligns with regulatory requirements such as PCI DSS, ISO 27001, NIST SP 800-53, and HIPAA, which mandate controlled access to sensitive systems and detailed auditing. Organizations can detect anomalies early, prevent unauthorized escalation, and maintain operational integrity of mission-critical systems. By implementing PAM with session monitoring, security teams strengthen access controls, improve compliance posture, and reduce the risk of security incidents stemming from administrative abuse. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 104
Which approach is most effective for detecting abnormal application behavior on production servers?
A) Application performance monitoring integrated with behavior analytics
B) Periodic manual log review
C) Firewall alert configuration
D) Endpoint antivirus scanning
Answer: A
Explanation:
Application performance monitoring integrated with behavior analytics is the most effective approach for detecting abnormal application behavior on production servers. Modern applications often exhibit complex interactions with databases, APIs, and external services, making traditional monitoring methods insufficient to detect subtle anomalies that indicate compromise. Option B, periodic manual log review, is slow and cannot detect real-time abnormalities. Option C, firewall alert configuration, primarily monitors network traffic and does not provide insight into application-specific issues. Option D, endpoint antivirus scanning, is reactive and only protects against known malware rather than anomalous application behavior.
Behavior analytics applied to application monitoring establishes baseline patterns for performance metrics, resource usage, API calls, and user interactions. Deviations from these baselines, such as sudden spikes in resource consumption, unexpected database queries, or abnormal API request patterns, may indicate a compromise, misconfiguration, or insider threat. Integrating these analytics with SIEM platforms allows security teams to correlate application anomalies with authentication logs, network traffic, and endpoint activity, enabling rapid identification and mitigation of threats.
Continuous monitoring of application behavior also supports proactive security by detecting indicators of compromise (IoCs) such as unusual process execution, privilege misuse, or suspicious data access. This approach aligns with cybersecurity best practices recommended by frameworks like MITRE ATT&CK, NIST CSF, and CIS Controls, which emphasize anomaly detection, threat hunting, and incident response. Implementing application performance monitoring with behavior analytics reduces detection time, improves operational resilience, and enhances the overall security posture of production environments. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 105
Which practice is most effective for identifying misconfigured cloud storage leading to potential data exposure?
A) Continuous cloud security posture management with automated alerts
B) Annual manual configuration audit
C) Endpoint antivirus checks
D) Reviewing firewall policies
Answer: A
Explanation:
Continuous cloud security posture management (CSPM) with automated alerts is the most effective practice for identifying misconfigured cloud storage that could lead to potential data exposure. Misconfigurations, such as publicly accessible storage buckets, weak permissions, and unencrypted data, are a leading cause of cloud data breaches. Option B, annual manual configuration audits, are infrequent and fail to detect misconfigurations promptly. Option C, endpoint antivirus checks, protect endpoints but do not monitor cloud storage configurations. Option D, reviewing firewall policies, controls network traffic but does not address internal storage settings or access policies.
CSPM solutions continuously evaluate cloud resources, configurations, and policies, providing automated alerts for deviations or security risks. They enforce compliance with standards such as PCI DSS, GDPR, ISO 27017, and NIST CSF, ensuring sensitive data is properly protected. Continuous monitoring also provides actionable insights for remediation, allowing security teams to fix misconfigurations in real time, apply least privilege access controls, enable encryption, and prevent unauthorized data exposure. Integration with SIEM platforms enhances contextual awareness by correlating cloud configuration alerts with network activity, authentication logs, and endpoint data.
Automated CSPM enables proactive risk management by identifying patterns in misconfigurations and providing guided remediation workflows. Security teams can mitigate threats before they are exploited, ensuring sensitive corporate or customer data remains secure. By leveraging continuous CSPM with automated alerts, organizations reduce the likelihood of accidental data exposure, maintain regulatory compliance, and enhance the overall security posture in cloud environments. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 106
Which method provides the most effective early detection of insider threats within an enterprise environment?
A) User and entity behavior analytics (UEBA) combined with continuous monitoring
B) Annual manual review of access logs
C) Endpoint antivirus with signature updates
D) Monthly vulnerability scans
Answer: A
Explanation:
User and entity behavior analytics (UEBA) combined with continuous monitoring is the most effective approach for early detection of insider threats in an enterprise environment. Insider threats are particularly challenging because they involve trusted users with legitimate access who may intentionally or unintentionally misuse data, exfiltrate information, or compromise systems. Traditional security methods such as Option B, annual manual review of access logs, are insufficient because they are infrequent, reactive, and cannot capture nuanced behavioral deviations in real time. Option C, endpoint antivirus with signature updates, primarily protects against known malware and cannot detect sophisticated insider behavior. Option D, monthly vulnerability scans, identify technical weaknesses but do not provide visibility into user behavior or abnormal actions on critical systems.
UEBA solutions establish a baseline of normal behavior for users and entities by monitoring patterns of login times, file access, application usage, network connections, and privileged actions. Continuous monitoring then detects deviations from this baseline, such as unusual access to sensitive data, abnormal file transfer activity, repeated failed login attempts, or unauthorized privilege escalation. Alerts are generated in real time, enabling security teams to investigate potential insider activity before it escalates into a full-scale breach. Integrating UEBA with SIEM platforms allows correlation of user behavior with network traffic, endpoint activity, and threat intelligence, creating a comprehensive detection mechanism.
This proactive approach reduces dwell time, increases visibility into high-risk behavior, and supports regulatory compliance with frameworks like NIST CSF, ISO 27001, HIPAA, and PCI DSS, which emphasize monitoring, auditing, and rapid detection of unauthorized activities. Additionally, UEBA can help differentiate between benign anomalies and malicious intent by leveraging machine learning, risk scoring, and anomaly detection algorithms. Organizations using UEBA combined with continuous monitoring can detect insider threats early, respond swiftly, and maintain operational integrity and data security. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 107
Which strategy is most effective for mitigating risks associated with newly discovered zero-day vulnerabilities?
A) Implementing virtual patching and behavior-based intrusion detection systems
B) Waiting for vendor-supplied patches
C) Updating antivirus signatures
D) Performing annual penetration testing
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing virtual patching and behavior-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) is the most effective strategy for mitigating risks associated with newly discovered zero-day vulnerabilities. Zero-day vulnerabilities are previously unknown security flaws that attackers can exploit before developers release official patches. Relying on Option B, waiting for vendor-supplied patches, exposes organizations to prolonged risk because attackers can exploit vulnerabilities immediately. Option C, updating antivirus signatures, is reactive and cannot protect against exploits that do not have known malware signatures. Option D, performing annual penetration testing, is important for overall security posture but is not effective for immediate zero-day mitigation.
Virtual patching, also known as compensating controls, involves deploying network-based rules or endpoint configurations that block exploit attempts targeting the vulnerability without modifying the underlying application code. Behavior-based IDS systems enhance this by monitoring for suspicious activity or exploitation patterns in real time. They detect abnormal application behavior, system calls, or network traffic indicative of an exploit attempt. These solutions work together to reduce the attack surface and protect critical assets until a permanent patch is available.
Combining virtual patching with intrusion detection aligns with cybersecurity frameworks such as NIST CSF, CIS Controls, and MITRE ATT&CK, which recommend layered defense mechanisms and proactive monitoring for zero-day threats. By applying these controls, organizations gain immediate protection, reduce dwell time, and minimize the likelihood of compromise while maintaining operational continuity. This approach allows security teams to address vulnerabilities in high-risk systems without waiting for vendor patches, ensuring business-critical services remain secure. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 108
Which technique is most effective for detecting command and control (C2) communication in enterprise networks?
A) Network traffic analysis with DNS and SSL anomaly detection
B) Manual firewall log review
C) Periodic vulnerability scanning
D) Endpoint antivirus signature checks
Answer: A
Explanation:
Network traffic analysis with DNS and SSL anomaly detection is the most effective technique for detecting command and control (C2) communication within enterprise networks. C2 channels are used by attackers to maintain remote access, exfiltrate data, and coordinate malware operations. Detecting these communications is challenging because attackers often use encrypted traffic, legitimate protocols, and stealth techniques. Option B, manual firewall log review, is insufficient because it cannot efficiently correlate patterns across the network or detect subtle anomalies. Option C, periodic vulnerability scanning, identifies technical weaknesses but cannot detect active C2 traffic. Option D, endpoint antivirus signature checks, only identify known malware and cannot detect novel C2 channels or encrypted traffic.
Advanced network traffic analysis captures packet-level information, inspects DNS queries, SSL certificates, unusual communication patterns, and external IP interactions. Anomalies, such as irregular domain requests, unusual data transfer rates, or encrypted traffic to unfamiliar destinations, often indicate C2 activity. Integrating this with machine learning or threat intelligence feeds enables detection of previously unseen threats by identifying deviations from normal network behavior. SIEM integration allows correlation with endpoint and authentication logs, providing a complete picture of potential C2 communications and enabling rapid incident response.
This proactive approach is critical for organizations following frameworks like MITRE ATT&CK, NIST CSF, and CIS Controls, which emphasize early detection, continuous monitoring, and rapid mitigation of advanced threats. By employing network traffic analysis with anomaly detection, enterprises can identify hidden C2 channels, minimize attacker dwell time, and reduce the risk of data exfiltration, ransomware, or persistent intrusions. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 109
Which control is most effective in preventing data exfiltration through email and cloud file sharing?
A) Data loss prevention (DLP) with policy enforcement and real-time monitoring
B) Endpoint antivirus software
C) Annual employee security awareness training
D) Firewall rule configuration
Answer: A
Explanation:
Data loss prevention (DLP) with policy enforcement and real-time monitoring is the most effective control for preventing data exfiltration through email and cloud file sharing. Organizations increasingly face threats where sensitive information, intellectual property, or personally identifiable information (PII) is moved outside the corporate environment without authorization. Option B, endpoint antivirus software, is primarily for malware protection and cannot prevent the misuse of legitimate applications or cloud services. Option C, annual employee security awareness training, is essential but reactive and cannot stop real-time exfiltration. Option D, firewall rule configuration, controls network traffic but cannot inspect content being transmitted over approved communication channels.
DLP solutions monitor and control the flow of sensitive information across multiple channels, including email, cloud storage, file transfers, and endpoints. Policy enforcement ensures that files containing confidential data are automatically blocked, encrypted, or flagged for review if attempts to transmit them violate security rules. Real-time monitoring enables immediate alerts to security teams, providing actionable intelligence and preventing accidental or malicious data leaks. Advanced DLP solutions integrate with SIEM platforms and cloud security posture management, providing holistic visibility and correlation of suspicious activity across endpoints, cloud applications, and network traffic.
DLP aligns with regulatory and compliance frameworks such as PCI DSS, GDPR, HIPAA, and ISO 27001, which mandate protection of sensitive data, audit trails, and monitoring for unauthorized transfers. Implementing DLP reduces insider risk, ensures regulatory compliance, and enhances overall data security by preventing leakage before it occurs. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 110
Which approach is most effective for maintaining situational awareness of threats across hybrid enterprise networks?
A) Centralized SIEM with threat intelligence integration and real-time analytics
B) Quarterly vulnerability assessments
C) Manual firewall rule inspections
D) Endpoint antivirus updates
Answer: A
Explanation:
Centralized SIEM with threat intelligence integration and real-time analytics is the most effective approach for maintaining situational awareness of threats across hybrid enterprise networks. Hybrid networks, which combine on-premises infrastructure with cloud services, present unique visibility challenges. Threats can originate from internal, external, or cloud-based sources, requiring continuous correlation of diverse data streams. Option B, quarterly vulnerability assessments, are too infrequent to provide actionable situational awareness. Option C, manual firewall rule inspections, are reactive and labor-intensive, providing limited visibility. Option D, endpoint antivirus updates, primarily address known malware but cannot provide holistic insight into evolving threats across a hybrid environment.
Centralized SIEM solutions aggregate logs from endpoints, servers, applications, network devices, and cloud services, providing a unified view of security events. Integration with threat intelligence feeds enriches alerts with contextual information about emerging threats, attack patterns, and malicious IP addresses. Real-time analytics enable the identification of anomalies, potential breaches, and high-priority incidents, empowering security teams to respond proactively. Advanced SIEM systems also support automated workflows, correlation rules, and incident response orchestration, reducing dwell time and improving overall threat mitigation.
Maintaining situational awareness through SIEM and threat intelligence aligns with cybersecurity frameworks such as NIST CSF, MITRE ATT&CK, CIS Controls, and ISO 27001, which emphasize continuous monitoring, threat detection, and proactive response. Organizations employing this approach can detect advanced persistent threats, insider threats, and zero-day exploits in real time, enabling rapid mitigation and reducing the likelihood of operational disruption or data loss. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 111
Which technique provides the most accurate method for identifying lateral movement within a network after an initial compromise?
A) Advanced endpoint detection and response (EDR) with behavioral analytics
B) Periodic vulnerability scanning
C) Firewall access log review
D) Routine antivirus signature updates
Answer: A
Explanation:
Advanced endpoint detection and response (EDR) with behavioral analytics is the most precise method for identifying lateral movement within a network following an initial compromise. Lateral movement occurs when an attacker exploits a foothold on a single system and then moves across multiple hosts to escalate privileges, access sensitive data, or deploy ransomware. Option B, periodic vulnerability scanning, identifies weaknesses but cannot detect active attacker movement. Option C, firewall access log review, is useful for monitoring network traffic but is limited in visibility across endpoints and cannot track complex attacker behavior. Option D, routine antivirus signature updates, only detect known malware and cannot track sophisticated, custom attack techniques.
EDR solutions collect granular data from endpoints, including process creation, network connections, authentication events, and file system access. Behavioral analytics then identify anomalies that indicate suspicious activity, such as abnormal account usage, unusual network connections, or the execution of unauthorized scripts. This allows security teams to map attack paths, determine the extent of the compromise, and respond proactively to halt further lateral movement.
Integrating EDR with SIEM and threat intelligence provides a holistic view of the attack lifecycle. This correlation enables detection of coordinated actions, identification of compromised credentials, and observation of tactics consistent with MITRE ATT&CK techniques like Pass-the-Hash, Remote Desktop Protocol abuse, or WMI execution. Organizations leveraging EDR with behavioral analytics can reduce dwell time, prevent further system compromise, and strengthen overall security posture by maintaining continuous endpoint visibility.
This proactive approach aligns with cybersecurity frameworks such as NIST CSF, CIS Controls, and ISO 27001, which emphasize continuous monitoring, incident detection, and response capabilities. It also ensures compliance with regulatory requirements by providing auditable evidence of threat detection, investigation, and remediation. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 112
Which method is most effective for detecting advanced persistent threats (APTs) targeting enterprise environments?
A) Threat hunting with anomaly detection and historical data analysis
B) Monthly vulnerability scans
C) Standard endpoint antivirus software
D) Basic firewall traffic filtering
Answer: A
Explanation:
Threat hunting with anomaly detection and historical data analysis is the most effective method for detecting advanced persistent threats (APTs) in enterprise environments. APTs are sophisticated, long-term campaigns executed by well-resourced attackers who exploit multiple attack vectors to remain undetected while achieving strategic objectives. Option B, monthly vulnerability scans, are too infrequent to catch ongoing APT activity. Option C, standard endpoint antivirus software, primarily identifies known malware signatures and is inadequate against customized, stealthy attacks. Option D, basic firewall traffic filtering, provides perimeter-level security but does not identify sophisticated attacker techniques or covert channels.
Threat hunting involves proactively searching for signs of compromise using both automated analytics and human expertise. By analyzing historical logs, endpoint activity, network traffic, and authentication patterns, security teams can identify subtle indicators of compromise, such as unusual account access, irregular file modifications, or command-and-control communications. Anomaly detection leverages machine learning and behavioral baselines to identify deviations that may indicate APT activity.
This method allows organizations to detect threats that have bypassed traditional defenses, uncover attacker TTPs (tactics, techniques, and procedures), and assess the scope of compromise. Integrating threat hunting with SIEM and threat intelligence platforms enables correlation of events across endpoints, network, and cloud environments, providing actionable insights for containment, eradication, and remediation. Threat hunting also supports compliance with frameworks like MITRE ATT&CK, NIST CSF, and ISO 27001, emphasizing proactive monitoring, incident investigation, and continuous improvement. Organizations employing this approach can identify stealthy threats early, reduce dwell time, and prevent significant operational or reputational damage. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 113
Which control is most effective in mitigating risks posed by insecure APIs in hybrid cloud environments?
A) API security gateway with authentication, rate limiting, and continuous monitoring
B) Traditional firewall rule sets
C) Annual penetration testing
D) Endpoint antivirus software
Answer: A
Explanation:
An API security gateway with authentication, rate limiting, and continuous monitoring is the most effective control for mitigating risks posed by insecure APIs in hybrid cloud environments. APIs are frequently targeted by attackers due to weak authentication, improper input validation, and excessive permissions, which can result in data leakage or unauthorized access. Option B, traditional firewall rule sets, primarily filter traffic at the network level but cannot enforce fine-grained API-specific controls. Option C, annual penetration testing, identifies vulnerabilities periodically but cannot provide continuous protection against evolving threats. Option D, endpoint antivirus software, protects against malware but does not secure API communication or data flows.
API gateways act as centralized security enforcement points, validating authentication and authorization tokens, encrypting traffic, and implementing rate-limiting to prevent abuse or DoS attacks. Continuous monitoring of API usage patterns identifies abnormal requests, brute-force attempts, or suspicious data access. This proactive approach reduces the attack surface and ensures that only legitimate traffic reaches backend services.
Integrating API security gateways with SIEM and cloud monitoring platforms allows correlation of API activity with user behavior and network traffic. This alignment supports compliance with security frameworks such as NIST CSF, ISO 27001, and CIS Controls, which emphasize secure system interfaces, continuous monitoring, and proactive threat mitigation. By implementing these controls, organizations can prevent unauthorized data access, detect abnormal activity in real time, and maintain security across both on-premises and cloud infrastructure. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 114
Which approach is most effective for identifying rogue devices on a corporate network?
A) Network access control (NAC) with continuous device posture assessment
B) Manual review of DHCP logs
C) Endpoint antivirus scans
D) Firewall traffic inspection
Answer: A
Explanation:
Network access control (NAC) with continuous device posture assessment is the most effective approach for identifying rogue devices on a corporate network. Rogue devices include unauthorized laptops, IoT devices, or mobile endpoints that connect without approval, potentially introducing vulnerabilities or serving as a foothold for attackers. Option B, manual review of DHCP logs, is reactive, time-consuming, and provides limited visibility. Option C, endpoint antivirus scans, only protect known devices and cannot detect unauthorized connections. Option D, firewall traffic inspection, monitors communication but cannot proactively enforce access policies for unknown devices.
NAC solutions authenticate devices before granting network access, enforce compliance with security policies (e.g., antivirus status, patch level), and continuously monitor device behavior for anomalies. Rogue devices are automatically quarantined or blocked, preventing unauthorized access to sensitive systems. Continuous posture assessment also detects devices that were initially compliant but later became noncompliant due to malware infection or misconfiguration.
This approach aligns with security frameworks such as NIST CSF, CIS Controls, and ISO 27001, which stress device discovery, network segmentation, and enforcement of access policies. NAC integration with SIEM and endpoint management allows comprehensive visibility and correlation of device activity with user behavior and network traffic. By implementing NAC with continuous assessment, organizations can identify rogue devices early, reduce the risk of breaches, and ensure regulatory compliance. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 115
Which method is most effective for identifying privilege escalation attempts in enterprise systems?
A) Continuous monitoring of authentication events and system logs with anomaly detection
B) Periodic vulnerability scanning
C) Endpoint antivirus signature updates
D) Firewall rule audits
Answer: A
Explanation:
Continuous monitoring of authentication events and system logs with anomaly detection is the most effective method for identifying privilege escalation attempts in enterprise systems. Privilege escalation occurs when attackers gain elevated access beyond their authorized level, often enabling access to sensitive data, critical infrastructure, or administrative capabilities. Option B, periodic vulnerability scanning, may identify system weaknesses but cannot detect active exploitation or unauthorized access. Option C, endpoint antivirus signature updates, primarily detect known malware but cannot track changes in user privileges. Option D, firewall rule audits, ensure network rules are correct but cannot identify privilege abuse on endpoints or applications.
Monitoring authentication events includes tracking logins, failed access attempts, privilege changes, and administrative actions. System logs provide detailed records of process creation, command execution, and configuration modifications. Anomaly detection analyzes these records to identify deviations from normal patterns, such as unusual privilege grants, unexpected administrative logins, or access to sensitive directories. Integration with SIEM and UEBA platforms enables correlation of multiple indicators, providing a comprehensive view of potential privilege escalation attacks.
This proactive approach aligns with cybersecurity frameworks such as MITRE ATT&CK, NIST CSF, and CIS Controls, which emphasize detection, monitoring, and rapid incident response. By continuously monitoring authentication and system activity, security teams can detect privilege abuse early, prevent lateral movement or data exfiltration, and maintain the integrity of enterprise systems. Organizations implementing this method reduce dwell time, strengthen security posture, and enhance regulatory compliance with standards like ISO 27001 and PCI DSS. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 116
Which method provides the most effective approach to detecting command-and-control (C2) communications in a corporate network?
A) Network traffic analysis with anomaly detection and threat intelligence correlation
B) Periodic vulnerability scanning
C) Firewall rule audits
D) Routine antivirus signature updates
Answer: A
Explanation:
Network traffic analysis with anomaly detection and threat intelligence correlation is the most effective approach for detecting command-and-control (C2) communications in a corporate network. C2 channels are established by attackers to remotely control compromised devices, exfiltrate data, or orchestrate lateral movement. Option B, periodic vulnerability scanning, only identifies potential weaknesses and cannot detect active communications. Option C, firewall rule audits, ensure rules are properly configured but do not provide visibility into covert network traffic. Option D, routine antivirus updates, detect known malware but are ineffective against custom or polymorphic malware using stealthy C2 protocols.
Network traffic analysis involves monitoring packet flows, examining metadata, and inspecting payloads for irregular patterns. Anomaly detection algorithms identify unusual communication behavior, such as connections to rare external IP addresses, irregular port usage, or encrypted traffic patterns inconsistent with business operations. When combined with threat intelligence feeds, this method allows correlation of suspicious domains, IP addresses, or malware signatures with observed traffic, enabling accurate identification of potential C2 activity.
Additionally, advanced detection strategies incorporate machine learning models to learn normal network behavior, flag deviations, and prioritize alerts based on risk. Integration with SIEM platforms ensures centralized logging, analysis, and incident response. This proactive approach reduces dwell time, prevents widespread compromise, and enables cybersecurity teams to respond rapidly to ongoing attacks. Aligning these practices with MITRE ATT&CK, NIST CSF, and ISO 27001 ensures organizations maintain a resilient security posture, enforce continuous monitoring, and comply with regulatory requirements. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 117
Which technique is most effective for identifying data exfiltration attempts in cloud environments?
A) Cloud access security broker (CASB) with anomaly and behavior analytics
B) Traditional firewall monitoring
C) Annual penetration testing
D) Endpoint antivirus scanning
Answer: A
Explanation:
Cloud access security broker (CASB) with anomaly and behavior analytics is the most effective technique for detecting data exfiltration attempts in cloud environments. As organizations increasingly rely on cloud services, attackers often attempt to exfiltrate sensitive data by abusing poorly configured cloud storage, SaaS applications, or mismanaged permissions. Option B, traditional firewall monitoring, lacks visibility into cloud services and cannot enforce granular access policies. Option C, annual penetration testing, identifies vulnerabilities only periodically and cannot provide real-time detection of exfiltration. Option D, endpoint antivirus scanning, focuses on local threats and does not monitor cloud data movements.
CASB solutions act as a security enforcement layer between users and cloud services. They monitor access, detect abnormal data transfer volumes, flag unusual patterns such as downloading sensitive files at atypical times, and identify behavior inconsistent with historical usage. Anomaly detection is critical, as attackers often disguise exfiltration attempts as legitimate user activity. Behavioral analytics models assess user and entity behavior, alerting security teams to deviations that may indicate unauthorized data transfers.
Additionally, CASBs integrate with SIEM and DLP solutions, providing centralized visibility and correlating cloud activity with endpoint or network logs. This integration ensures incidents are detected early, minimizing data loss and facilitating rapid response. By adopting CASB with advanced analytics, organizations comply with NIST CSF, ISO 27001, and CIS Controls, enforce continuous monitoring of cloud assets, and strengthen overall security posture. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 118
Which approach is most effective for detecting insider threats in an enterprise network?
A) User and entity behavior analytics (UEBA) with continuous monitoring
B) Annual vulnerability assessments
C) Routine firewall rule reviews
D) Endpoint antivirus signature updates
Answer: A
Explanation:
User and entity behavior analytics (UEBA) with continuous monitoring is the most effective approach for detecting insider threats within an enterprise network. Insider threats occur when employees, contractors, or trusted third parties misuse access for malicious or negligent purposes, potentially causing data breaches or operational disruption. Option B, annual vulnerability assessments, identify system weaknesses but cannot detect internal abuse. Option C, routine firewall rule reviews, control external access but provide minimal insight into user behavior. Option D, endpoint antivirus signature updates, detect known malware but cannot identify malicious activity from legitimate credentials.
UEBA solutions create behavioral baselines for users and entities, analyzing patterns such as login times, data access frequency, file modifications, and system interactions. Deviations from normal behavior trigger alerts for potential insider threats, such as unusual downloads of sensitive data, access to unauthorized systems, or attempts to bypass security controls. Continuous monitoring ensures real-time detection, reducing the dwell time of insider attacks and minimizing potential damage.
When integrated with SIEM, DLP, and threat intelligence, UEBA provides a comprehensive view of risk across the organization. By correlating activities across endpoints, cloud services, and networks, UEBA allows security teams to distinguish between legitimate anomalies and malicious activity, prioritize responses, and implement appropriate mitigation strategies. This methodology aligns with NIST CSF, CIS Controls, and ISO 27001, emphasizing proactive detection, risk management, and security monitoring. Organizations leveraging UEBA improve detection accuracy, strengthen insider threat defenses, and maintain compliance with regulatory standards. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 119
Which method is most effective for detecting ransomware activity in real-time on enterprise endpoints?
A) Endpoint detection and response (EDR) with behavior-based analysis
B) Periodic vulnerability scanning
C) Routine firewall audits
D) Antivirus signature updates
Answer: A
Explanation:
Endpoint detection and response (EDR) with behavior-based analysis is the most effective method for detecting ransomware activity in real-time on enterprise endpoints. Ransomware encrypts files, disrupts operations, and demands payment for decryption keys, often propagating rapidly across networked systems. Option B, periodic vulnerability scanning, only identifies weaknesses but cannot detect live ransomware activity. Option C, routine firewall audits, monitor network access but do not detect file encryption behavior. Option D, antivirus signature updates, only detect known ransomware strains and cannot protect against zero-day or polymorphic variants.
EDR solutions monitor endpoint activities such as process creation, file system changes, registry modifications, and network connections. Behavior-based analysis identifies suspicious patterns consistent with ransomware, including mass file encryption, abnormal file renaming, and connections to external IP addresses associated with malicious activity. Alerts generated by EDR allow immediate investigation, containment, and remediation.
Integration with SIEM, automated response tools, and threat intelligence feeds enhances visibility and response capabilities. Security teams can isolate infected systems, roll back changes, and prevent lateral movement. This proactive detection approach reduces operational disruption, data loss, and recovery costs while maintaining compliance with NIST CSF, ISO 27001, and CIS Controls. Organizations adopting EDR with behavior analytics can rapidly respond to emerging ransomware threats, ensuring business continuity and enhancing overall cybersecurity posture. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Question 120
Which method is most effective for detecting and mitigating supply chain attacks on enterprise software?
A) Continuous software integrity verification and threat intelligence correlation
B) Annual penetration testing
C) Routine firewall log reviews
D) Endpoint antivirus signature updates
Answer: A
Explanation:
Continuous software integrity verification and threat intelligence correlation is the most effective method for detecting and mitigating supply chain attacks on enterprise software. Supply chain attacks occur when attackers compromise third-party software or libraries to infiltrate organizations indirectly. Option B, annual penetration testing, provides only periodic assessment and may not detect subtle supply chain compromises. Option C, routine firewall log reviews, primarily monitor network traffic and cannot detect embedded malicious code. Option D, endpoint antivirus signature updates, detect known malware but are ineffective against newly introduced malicious components in trusted software.
Software integrity verification involves validating digital signatures, checksums, and hashes of installed software against trusted sources to ensure code has not been tampered with. Threat intelligence correlation further identifies compromised software versions, malicious repositories, and indicators of compromise associated with supply chain attacks. Continuous monitoring ensures that any unauthorized or unexpected changes to software are flagged immediately.
Integrating these processes with SIEM platforms, automated patch management, and endpoint monitoring provides a comprehensive approach to risk mitigation. Organizations can isolate affected systems, remediate compromised software, and prevent attackers from exploiting supply chain vulnerabilities. This approach aligns with NIST CSF, ISO 27001, and CIS Controls, emphasizing continuous monitoring, proactive threat detection, and secure software management. By adopting this strategy, enterprises enhance software security, prevent compromise from trusted third-party vendors, and maintain regulatory compliance. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
