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Exam Code: CISSP
Exam Name: Certified Information Systems Security Professional
Certification Provider: ISC
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Certified Information Systems Security Professional CISSP Practice Test 45

Question 440

A privileged engineer uses sudo but no commands are attributable after elevation. After implementing a remedy, which acceptance-test evidence MOST directly demonstrates that the specific issue has been addressed?

  1. Review aggregate root login counts without linking activity to the original identity
  2. Check approved elevation requests but not tamper-resistant command records
  3. Confirm a sudo password prompt appears but not who executed each elevated command
  4. Inspect records connecting elevated actions to named user identity

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Privilege elevation without attribution obscures accountability. The result of the remedy is checked directly: Inspect records connecting elevated actions to named user identity.

Incorrect Answers

A:

“Review aggregate root login counts without linking activity to the original identity” evaluates something other than the specified fix. The meaningful evidence is “Inspect records connecting elevated actions to named user identity”, reflecting the requirement that privilege elevation without attribution obscures accountability.

B:

“Check approved elevation requests but not tamper-resistant command records” is insufficient to demonstrate that “Require authenticated privilege elevation and tamper-resistant command audit” works. Privilege elevation without attribution obscures accountability. The decisive test is “Inspect records connecting elevated actions to named user identity”.

C:

“Confirm a sudo password prompt appears but not who executed each elevated command” evaluates something other than the specified fix. The meaningful evidence is “Inspect records connecting elevated actions to named user identity”, reflecting the requirement that privilege elevation without attribution obscures accountability.

Question 441

Quarterly access certification is performed by IT without business-owner review. Which security recommendation MOST directly addresses the described risk or requirement?

  1. Require data/resource owners to recertify actual business need
  2. Treat a completed quarterly spreadsheet as sufficient without actually removing rejected grants
  3. Allow IT administrators to approve entitlement renewals without business-data owner involvement
  4. Auto-renew all access certifications if the employee has not filed a complaint

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

Certification is not simply a technical inventory snapshot. A direct way to confirm the outcome is to sample owner decisions and verify revoked entitlements are removed.

Incorrect Answers

B:

“Treat a completed quarterly spreadsheet as sufficient without actually removing rejected grants” would not establish the protection described: certification is not simply a technical inventory snapshot. The necessary change is “Require data/resource owners to recertify actual business need” with the verification “Sample owner decisions and verify revoked entitlements are removed”.

C:

“Allow IT administrators to approve entitlement renewals without business-data owner involvement” leaves the essential control missing: certification is not simply a technical inventory snapshot. The direct corrective action is “Require data/resource owners to recertify actual business need”, validated by the acceptance check “Sample owner decisions and verify revoked entitlements are removed”.

D:

“Auto-renew all access certifications if the employee has not filed a complaint” would not establish the protection described: certification is not simply a technical inventory snapshot. The necessary change is “Require data/resource owners to recertify actual business need” with the verification “Sample owner decisions and verify revoked entitlements are removed”.

Question 442

Quarterly access certification is performed by IT without business-owner review. After implementing a remedy, which acceptance-test evidence MOST directly demonstrates that the specific issue has been addressed?

  1. Confirm review forms were sent but not that responsible owners made decisions
  2. Sample owner decisions and verify revoked entitlements are removed
  3. Count certified accounts without sampling actual revocations after denial
  4. Check IT signature presence while sensitive data-access needs remain unreviewed

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Certification is not simply a technical inventory snapshot. The result of the remedy is checked directly: Sample owner decisions and verify revoked entitlements are removed.

Incorrect Answers

A:

An observation of “Confirm review forms were sent but not that responsible owners made decisions” would not verify the relevant control. Certification is not simply a technical inventory snapshot. The necessary acceptance evidence is “Sample owner decisions and verify revoked entitlements are removed”.

C:

An observation of “Count certified accounts without sampling actual revocations after denial” would not verify the relevant control. Certification is not simply a technical inventory snapshot. The necessary acceptance evidence is “Sample owner decisions and verify revoked entitlements are removed”.

D:

The acceptance test must demonstrate “Sample owner decisions and verify revoked entitlements are removed” because certification is not simply a technical inventory snapshot. “Check IT signature presence while sensitive data-access needs remain unreviewed” cannot establish that result.

Question 443

Temporary project roles never expire after completion. Which security recommendation MOST directly addresses the described risk or requirement?

  1. Require users to submit their own expiry requests after project completion
  2. Keep temporary roles permanently assigned but hide them from the application portal
  3. Use access packages with expiration and periodic reassessment
  4. Grant project entitlements without an end date because the team may collaborate again

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Time-bounded privileges reduce accumulated access. A direct way to confirm the outcome is to check grant end dates and post-project access tests.

Incorrect Answers

A:

The proposal “Require users to submit their own expiry requests after project completion” does not meet the relevant requirement because time-bounded privileges reduce accumulated access. The matching remediation is “Use access packages with expiration and periodic reassessment”.

B:

“Keep temporary roles permanently assigned but hide them from the application portal” is not the relevant mitigation. Time-bounded privileges reduce accumulated access. The scenario calls for “Use access packages with expiration and periodic reassessment”; the acceptance check is “Check grant end dates and post-project access tests”.

D:

“Grant project entitlements without an end date because the team may collaborate again” is not the relevant mitigation. Time-bounded privileges reduce accumulated access. The scenario calls for “Use access packages with expiration and periodic reassessment”; the acceptance check is “Check grant end dates and post-project access tests”.

Question 444

Temporary project roles never expire after completion. After implementing a remedy, which acceptance-test evidence MOST directly demonstrates that the specific issue has been addressed?

  1. Check role description text but never attempt access after the scheduled completion
  2. Confirm the project role was granted without verifying a configured expiration date
  3. Review project closure status while participants retain privileged access
  4. Check grant end dates and post-project access tests

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Time-bounded privileges reduce accumulated access. The result of the remedy is checked directly: Check grant end dates and post-project access tests.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Time-bounded privileges reduce accumulated access. The proposed check, “Check role description text but never attempt access after the scheduled completion”, misses the relevant outcome; “Check grant end dates and post-project access tests” tests whether the intended remedy worked.

B:

“Confirm the project role was granted without verifying a configured expiration date” does not show the required outcome: check grant end dates and post-project access tests. That test matters because time-bounded privileges reduce accumulated access.

C:

Time-bounded privileges reduce accumulated access. The proposed check, “Review project closure status while participants retain privileged access”, misses the relevant outcome; “Check grant end dates and post-project access tests” tests whether the intended remedy worked.

Question 445

A stale automated user-provisioning feed creates duplicate active identities. Which security recommendation MOST directly addresses the described risk or requirement?

  1. Reconcile immutable identifiers and enforce lifecycle event idempotence
  2. Create a fresh account for every repeated provisioning event regardless of existing immutable identity
  3. Match inbound hires by display name only and merge unrelated users when names collide
  4. Disable reconciliation alerts so duplicate IDs do not slow onboarding

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

Provisioning reliability depends on stable identity mapping. A direct way to confirm the outcome is to replay onboarding and check for duplicate accounts.

Incorrect Answers

B:

Provisioning reliability depends on stable identity mapping. “Create a fresh account for every repeated provisioning event regardless of existing immutable identity” does not supply that control; “Reconcile immutable identifiers and enforce lifecycle event idempotence” addresses the identified gap, and “Replay onboarding and check for duplicate accounts” verifies the result.

C:

The security distinction is that provisioning reliability depends on stable identity mapping. “Match inbound hires by display name only and merge unrelated users when names collide” addresses neither the required “Reconcile immutable identifiers and enforce lifecycle event idempotence” action nor its supporting evidence: “Replay onboarding and check for duplicate accounts”.

D:

Provisioning reliability depends on stable identity mapping. “Disable reconciliation alerts so duplicate IDs do not slow onboarding” does not supply that control; “Reconcile immutable identifiers and enforce lifecycle event idempotence” addresses the identified gap, and “Replay onboarding and check for duplicate accounts” verifies the result.

Question 446

A stale automated user-provisioning feed creates duplicate active identities. After implementing a remedy, which acceptance-test evidence MOST directly demonstrates that the specific issue has been addressed?

  1. Check the source employee list but not active duplicate directory identities
  2. Replay onboarding and check for duplicate accounts
  3. Review provisioning throughput while repeated events silently create separate accounts
  4. Verify one onboarding event creates an account without replaying the same feed message

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Provisioning reliability depends on stable identity mapping. The result of the remedy is checked directly: Replay onboarding and check for duplicate accounts.

Incorrect Answers

A:

“Check the source employee list but not active duplicate directory identities” evaluates something other than the specified fix. The meaningful evidence is “Replay onboarding and check for duplicate accounts”, reflecting the requirement that provisioning reliability depends on stable identity mapping.

C:

“Review provisioning throughput while repeated events silently create separate accounts” evaluates something other than the specified fix. The meaningful evidence is “Replay onboarding and check for duplicate accounts”, reflecting the requirement that provisioning reliability depends on stable identity mapping.

D:

“Verify one onboarding event creates an account without replaying the same feed message” is insufficient to demonstrate that “Reconcile immutable identifiers and enforce lifecycle event idempotence” works. Provisioning reliability depends on stable identity mapping. The decisive test is “Replay onboarding and check for duplicate accounts”.

Question 447

A web portal's password recovery accepts weak personal knowledge questions. Which security recommendation MOST directly addresses the described risk or requirement?

  1. Replace knowledge questions with one email-only recovery link that does not bind to an approved account identity
  2. Continue using personal knowledge questions because they are easy for customers to remember
  3. Replace weak knowledge-based recovery with stronger approved authenticators
  4. Ask for birth date and hometown from public profiles to bypass the stronger authenticator

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Security questions are vulnerable when answers are discoverable. A direct way to confirm the outcome is to attempt account takeover using publicly available biographical facts.

Incorrect Answers

A:

“Replace knowledge questions with one email-only recovery link that does not bind to an approved account identity” leaves the essential control missing: security questions are vulnerable when answers are discoverable. The direct corrective action is “Replace weak knowledge-based recovery with stronger approved authenticators”, validated by the acceptance check “Attempt account takeover using publicly available biographical facts”.

B:

“Continue using personal knowledge questions because they are easy for customers to remember” would not establish the protection described: security questions are vulnerable when answers are discoverable. The necessary change is “Replace weak knowledge-based recovery with stronger approved authenticators” with the verification “Attempt account takeover using publicly available biographical facts”.

D:

“Ask for birth date and hometown from public profiles to bypass the stronger authenticator” would not establish the protection described: security questions are vulnerable when answers are discoverable. The necessary change is “Replace weak knowledge-based recovery with stronger approved authenticators” with the verification “Attempt account takeover using publicly available biographical facts”.

Question 448

A web portal's password recovery accepts weak personal knowledge questions. After implementing a remedy, which acceptance-test evidence MOST directly demonstrates that the specific issue has been addressed?

  1. Confirm legitimate users can recover accounts but never attempt an attacker with public biographical facts
  2. Check that recovery answers are hashed while low-entropy knowledge remains guessable
  3. Review password reset email delivery without challenging identity assurance of the requester
  4. Attempt account takeover using publicly available biographical facts

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Security questions are vulnerable when answers are discoverable. The result of the remedy is checked directly: Attempt account takeover using publicly available biographical facts.

Incorrect Answers

A:

An observation of “Confirm legitimate users can recover accounts but never attempt an attacker with public biographical facts” would not verify the relevant control. Security questions are vulnerable when answers are discoverable. The necessary acceptance evidence is “Attempt account takeover using publicly available biographical facts”.

B:

The acceptance test must demonstrate “Attempt account takeover using publicly available biographical facts” because security questions are vulnerable when answers are discoverable. “Check that recovery answers are hashed while low-entropy knowledge remains guessable” cannot establish that result.

C:

An observation of “Review password reset email delivery without challenging identity assurance of the requester” would not verify the relevant control. Security questions are vulnerable when answers are discoverable. The necessary acceptance evidence is “Attempt account takeover using publicly available biographical facts”.

Question 449

A security token application trusts an unverified local device clock for expiry. Which security recommendation MOST directly addresses the described risk or requirement?

  1. Validate token lifetime server-side and control tolerance for clock skew
  2. Allow indefinite clock skew when the token arrives from a trusted mobile device
  3. Treat a token as valid whenever its signature is sound even if its not-before time is in the future
  4. Accept tokens based on an unverified phone clock and ignore server time for expiration

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

Authenticator validation must establish time and context integrity. A direct way to confirm the outcome is to replay expired and not-yet-valid tokens.

Incorrect Answers

B:

“Allow indefinite clock skew when the token arrives from a trusted mobile device” is not the relevant mitigation. Authenticator validation must establish time and context integrity. The scenario calls for “Validate token lifetime server-side and control tolerance for clock skew”; the acceptance check is “Replay expired and not-yet-valid tokens”.

C:

The proposal “Treat a token as valid whenever its signature is sound even if its not-before time is in the future” does not meet the relevant requirement because authenticator validation must establish time and context integrity. The matching remediation is “Validate token lifetime server-side and control tolerance for clock skew”.

D:

“Accept tokens based on an unverified phone clock and ignore server time for expiration” is not the relevant mitigation. Authenticator validation must establish time and context integrity. The scenario calls for “Validate token lifetime server-side and control tolerance for clock skew”; the acceptance check is “Replay expired and not-yet-valid tokens”.

Question 450

A security token application trusts an unverified local device clock for expiry. After implementing a remedy, which acceptance-test evidence MOST directly demonstrates that the specific issue has been addressed?

  1. Check JWT signature verification only while lifetime constraints remain unenforced
  2. Replay expired and not-yet-valid tokens
  3. Confirm a newly issued token is accepted without testing expired values
  4. Review device clock synchronization settings without server-side claim validation

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Authenticator validation must establish time and context integrity. The result of the remedy is checked directly: Replay expired and not-yet-valid tokens.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Authenticator validation must establish time and context integrity. The proposed check, “Check JWT signature verification only while lifetime constraints remain unenforced”, misses the relevant outcome; “Replay expired and not-yet-valid tokens” tests whether the intended remedy worked.

C:

Authenticator validation must establish time and context integrity. The proposed check, “Confirm a newly issued token is accepted without testing expired values”, misses the relevant outcome; “Replay expired and not-yet-valid tokens” tests whether the intended remedy worked.

D:

“Review device clock synchronization settings without server-side claim validation” does not show the required outcome: replay expired and not-yet-valid tokens. That test matters because authenticator validation must establish time and context integrity.

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