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Question 81
Your organization runs a distributed microservices architecture across three GKE clusters in different Google Cloud regions. The teams need encrypted service-to-service communication using automatically rotated certificates, enforced identity-based authorization, and request-level telemetry. They also require traffic shaping features such as weighted routing, blue-green deployments, and circuit breaking. These capabilities must work without modifying application code. Which Google Cloud solution provides all these capabilities?
A) VPC firewall rules with custom tags
B) Anthos Service Mesh
C) Cloud NAT with Cloud Router
D) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Anthos Service Mesh is the correct answer because it is specifically engineered to provide identity-aware, policy-enforced, encrypted, observable service-to-service communication across distributed environments such as multi-region GKE clusters. When organizations deploy microservices in different regions, one of the most challenging problems is ensuring that communication between services is secure, consistent, reliable, and observable. Traditional methods relying solely on VPC firewall rules or load balancers are insufficient because they operate at the network or regional layer, whereas distributed microservices require identity-based authentication, traffic shaping, telemetry, and encryption at the service layer itself.
Anthos Service Mesh uses Envoy sidecar proxies that intercept service traffic automatically. These proxies enforce mutual TLS between services, generating and rotating certificates automatically without requiring the application developers to incorporate cryptographic code or libraries. The mesh ensures that communication between services is encrypted and authenticated using strong identities derived from service accounts. This identity-centric security prevents unauthorized workloads from impersonating valid services, addressing a fundamental weakness of IP-based security models. Within a distributed architecture, especially one spanning multiple GKE clusters in different regions, IP ranges constantly shift, and relying on IP addresses for trust is error-prone. Anthos Service Mesh solves this by shifting trust from the network layer to the identity layer.
Traffic shaping is another critical capability. Anthos Service Mesh enables weighted routing, allowing teams to progressively move traffic from one version of a service to another. This supports advanced release strategies like canary deployments and blue-green rollouts, which reduce risk by gradually validating new service versions under production traffic conditions. Traffic shaping also includes retries, circuit breaking, and timeout policies that strengthen service resilience. Circuit breaking plays a vital role in preventing cascading failures that could cripple a distributed system. When a downstream service becomes slow or unhealthy, the mesh can cut off traffic to it and route requests to healthier endpoints, ensuring system stability.
Request-level telemetry is essential for diagnosing issues in microservices architectures. Distributed systems often involve multi-hop service interactions where a single user request may traverse several services. Anthos Service Mesh generates detailed traces, metrics, and logs for each request, enabling engineers to visualize service dependencies, identify performance bottlenecks, and troubleshoot latency issues. These insights are automatically collected without requiring developers to add instrumentation code, reducing operational overhead.
Because Anthos Service Mesh is tightly integrated with Google Cloud services such as Cloud Monitoring, Cloud Logging, and Cloud Trace, it provides a unified observability experience. This is significantly more efficient than manually stitching together observability tools across multiple clusters.
Alternative answers do not satisfy the requirements. VPC firewall rules with tags cannot enforce mutual TLS, identity-based authentication, or traffic routing rules. Cloud NAT with Cloud Router solves outbound routing and IP translation but does nothing for service-level communication. An Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer provides L7 routing, but only within a region, and cannot enforce mutual TLS or identity-based authorization between microservices distributed across multiple GKE clusters.
Anthos Service Mesh stands alone as the only complete solution offering identity-aware security, mTLS, traffic controls, and observability without requiring application code changes.
Question 82
Your enterprise needs to restrict access to Google Cloud managed services such as BigQuery, Cloud Storage, and Pub/Sub so that requests can only originate from specific trusted VPCs. The system must prevent data exfiltration even if IAM credentials are compromised. Access to sensitive APIs must be allowed only from inside designated service perimeters, and multiple projects must be grouped under a single security boundary. Which Google Cloud feature should be implemented?
A) IAM Conditions based on IP address
B) VPC Service Controls
C) Cloud Armor security rules
D) Private Google Access
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is VPC Service Controls because they provide perimeter-based security that protects Google-managed services such as BigQuery, Cloud Storage, and Pub/Sub using context-aware restrictions, ensuring that API requests can only be made from authorized networks, VPCs, or hybrid environments. In modern cloud environments, IAM alone is not enough to protect sensitive data. IAM determines who can access a resource, but not from where. If credentials are stolen or leaked, an attacker can attempt to access sensitive services from outside the organization’s network. VPC Service Controls prevent such attacks by enforcing strict context-based restrictions that block unauthorized requests even when credentials are valid.
The service perimeter model is highly effective because it encloses entire projects or groups of projects within a controlled boundary. Any request coming from outside the boundary—whether from the public internet, external VPCs, or untrusted networks—is automatically denied regardless of the IAM privileges associated with the request. This eliminates a major attack vector: credential misuse.
VPC Service Controls can create multiple perimeters, each defining “trusted” sources that are allowed to call Google APIs. These sources may include specific VPC networks, Cloud VPN tunnels, Cloud Interconnect circuits, or certain IP ranges. Organizations handling regulated data benefit significantly from this model because it prevents data leakage across GCP project boundaries. For example, a compromised VM inside a sensitive project cannot exfiltrate data to an external bucket or another project that is outside the perimeter.
IAM Conditions (Option A) support contextual access but cannot enforce full perimeter isolation or prevent data exfiltration. Cloud Armor (Option C) only protects external HTTP(S) applications and has no effect on Google Cloud API calls. Private Google Access (Option D) enables private connectivity to APIs but does not restrict where requests can originate.
VPC Service Controls are uniquely designed to stop unauthorized access and data exfiltration even if IAM tokens are compromised.
Question 83
Your organization wants to interconnect dozens of VPCs and multiple on-prem data centers using a scalable, centralized hybrid architecture. The company requires dynamic BGP routing, a hub-and-spoke model that prevents transitive routing, and simplified onboarding of new VPCs. Operational visibility and centralized connectivity management are also required. Which Google Cloud service best supports this architecture?
A) VPC Peering
B) Network Connectivity Center
C) Shared VPC
D) Cloud Router alone
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Network Connectivity Center (NCC) is the correct answer because it is Google Cloud’s unified hub-and-spoke connectivity model designed for scalable hybrid and multi-VPC architectures. Large organizations often face the challenge of managing connectivity between numerous VPC networks and hybrid environments such as on-prem data centers. Traditional approaches like VPC Peering quickly become unmanageable as the number of peering relationships grows. NCC resolves this by introducing a central hub where all connectivity is anchored.
Using NCC, each VPC is connected to the hub using a VPC spoke. On-prem environments connect using VPN or Interconnect spokes. These spokes do not communicate with each other automatically, preventing unintended transitive routing that could expose internal resources accidentally. Instead, all routing is controlled through the central hub, providing a secure and predictable topology.
NCC integrates with Cloud Router for dynamic routing. Cloud Router exchanges BGP routes between on-prem networks and VPC spokes, allowing automatic updates when networks expand, contract, or change. This reduces network management overhead and eliminates the need for static routing in large environments. Engineers can easily add new VPC spokes to the hub without creating dozens of redundant peering links.
Operational visibility is another major benefit. NCC provides a centralized view of all hybrid connectivity components—VPCs, VPNs, Interconnect circuits, and routes. This visibility is essential for large enterprises because it helps networking teams diagnose routing issues, track connectivity health, and maintain compliance with network segmentation requirements.
The alternative options fail to meet the requirements. VPC Peering is non-transitive and does not scale for dozens of VPCs. Shared VPC centralizes networking within an organization but does not support hybrid connectivity for multiple unrelated networks. Cloud Router alone provides BGP routing but does not implement a hub-and-spoke architecture or centralized topology control.
NCC is therefore the only solution that satisfies dynamic routing, scalability, centralized control, and hybrid network integration.
Question 84
A global application must serve traffic using a single anycast IP while providing low latency to users around the world. The system must route traffic to the closest healthy backend, support automated failover between regions, perform global health checks, and transport traffic entirely over Google’s private backbone. The load balancer must support HTTP/2 and QUIC. Which Google Cloud solution should be used?
A) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer (Premium Tier)
D) TCP Proxy Load Balancer
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is the Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer (Premium Tier) because it is designed for globally distributed applications requiring high performance, low latency, and intelligent routing. The load balancer uses an anycast IP address that is announced from multiple Google edge locations worldwide. When users connect to the service, they are routed to the nearest Google edge. This reduces latency and improves performance significantly compared to DNS-based routing or regional load balancers.
Once traffic reaches the Google edge, it travels across Google’s private backbone network. This ensures optimal routing, predictable latency, and high reliability. The load balancer conducts global health checks on all backend services across multiple regions. If a backend or even an entire region becomes unhealthy, traffic is automatically redirected to the next closest healthy region. This automatic, instantaneous failover is critical for global applications that require near-perfect uptime.
The required support for HTTP/2 and QUIC further confirms that the Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer in Premium Tier is the correct choice. QUIC provides faster connection establishment and improved performance for global applications, especially for users on mobile or high-latency networks. Regional load balancers and TCP Proxy Load Balancers do not support all required features across all regions or protocols. Internal load balancers are confined to private, internal applications and cannot serve global internet traffic.
Thus, only the Premium Tier global load balancer meets all requirements: global routing, multi-region failover, global health checks, optimal transport paths, and protocol support.
Question 85
Your enterprise needs hybrid connectivity with private, SLA-backed performance, redundant links, dynamic BGP routing, and deterministic low-latency communication with Google Cloud. The solution must completely avoid the public internet and support mission-critical workloads running across multiple Google Cloud regions. Which connectivity option best meets these requirements?
A) HA VPN
B) Cloud VPN with static routes
C) Dedicated Interconnect
D) Partner Interconnect single attachment
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Dedicated Interconnect is the correct answer because it provides private, high-bandwidth connectivity directly from your on-prem data center to Google Cloud. This connection bypasses the public internet entirely, which is essential for enterprise workloads requiring predictable latency, security, and resilience. Dedicated Interconnect offers robust SLAs, ensuring high availability through redundant circuits in physically diverse edge availability domains.
Dynamic BGP routing supported by Cloud Router ensures that route updates occur automatically, enabling seamless failover, high availability, and efficient routing of traffic between on-prem and Google Cloud environments. Mission-critical workloads benefit immensely from this deterministic routing, particularly when they span multiple regions or rely on rapid synchronization between on-prem systems and Google Cloud services.
Alternative solutions do not meet all requirements. HA VPN, while redundant, still traverses the public internet and cannot guarantee deterministic latency. Cloud VPN with static routes lacks scalability and dynamic routing. Partner Interconnect with a single attachment does not provide the necessary redundancy or SLA guarantees.
Dedicated Interconnect is therefore the best hybrid connectivity solution for enterprise environments demanding high throughput, reliability, and private, SLA-backed performance.
Question 86
Your enterprise is deploying a multi-region machine learning inference platform on GKE. The platform requires encrypted service-to-service communication, identity-based workload authentication, regional and cross-regional failover, weighted traffic routing for model version rollout, and deep request-level telemetry. Developers must not modify application code. Additionally, the solution must support automatic certificate rotation and enforce a zero-trust security posture. Which Google Cloud feature should you implement?
A) VPC firewall rules and IAM Conditions
B) Anthos Service Mesh
C) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D) Cloud NAT with Cloud Router
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Anthos Service Mesh is uniquely designed to provide identity-aware, encrypted, policy-driven, and observable service-to-service communication across distributed environments such as multi-region GKE clusters. For a machine learning inference platform, where many microservices interact—such as feature extractors, preprocessing pipelines, model evaluation engines, and inference services—it is essential that communication is secure, identity enforced, and traffic managed intelligently. Anthos Service Mesh solves these needs using a service mesh architecture built on Envoy proxies, automatically injected and managed through a sidecar model. This ensures developers do not need to change application code to achieve secure and observable communication.
One of the platform’s core requirements is automatic mutual TLS between services. Anthos Service Mesh includes automatic certificate issuance and rotation from a managed control plane, ensuring that each service receives a unique cryptographic identity tied to its service account. This allows strong authentication between workloads based on identity, not IP addresses. The mesh validates these identities for every call, enforcing zero-trust security. Without this mechanism, managing identities across multiple clusters manually would be extremely burdensome.
Traffic management requirements are also addressed by Anthos Service Mesh. Weighted routing allows gradual rollout of new ML model versions, essential when validating new models in production. Instead of replacing a model all at once, teams can send a percentage of traffic to a new model and gradually increase that percentage as confidence builds. The mesh also supports retries, circuit breaking, and timeouts, helping to isolate failing components and prevent cascading failures. In a multi-region environment, the mesh can support routing decisions that prioritize regional backends but gracefully fail over to remote regions when necessary.
Observability is crucial for an ML inference platform, where latency, throughput, and error rates directly impact user experience. Anthos Service Mesh provides detailed telemetry, including request counts, error traces, dependency graphs, and latency histograms. Engineers can diagnose bottlenecks, identify misbehaving services, and optimize performance more effectively. The mesh integrates with Google Cloud Monitoring for unified dashboards, reducing operational burden.
Option A, VPC firewall rules and IAM Conditions, cannot enforce service identity, mutual TLS, traffic shaping, or request-level telemetry. These operate at network and identity layers but do not address service-level controls. Option C, Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer, provides regional L7 load balancing but does not handle cross-service mTLS, nor does it support identity-aware routing or observability. Option D, Cloud NAT with Cloud Router, only manages outbound traffic and dynamic routing, not microservice security or observability.
Anthos Service Mesh is the only solution aligned with all requirements of a multi-region ML inference environment.
Question 87
Your organization manages multiple highly sensitive projects that store regulated data in BigQuery and Cloud Storage. You must ensure these services are only accessible from specific VPC networks or on-prem networks connected via Interconnect. Even if a user’s IAM credentials are stolen, the attacker must be prevented from accessing the data unless the request originates from an approved network context. The security model must support project perimeters, restricted API access, and prevent data exfiltration. Which Google Cloud feature provides these capabilities?
A) Cloud Armor
B) IAM Conditions
C) VPC Service Controls
D) Private Google Access
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because VPC Service Controls provide a perimeter-based security model for Google Cloud managed services such as BigQuery, Cloud Storage, and Pub/Sub. These perimeters create strong context-based restrictions that complement IAM by ensuring that even valid credentials cannot be used to access sensitive data from unauthorized networks. This is essential for regulated industries such as healthcare, finance, government, and defense.
VPC Service Controls enforce that API calls must originate from inside a trusted service perimeter. You can define access levels requiring traffic to come from specific VPC networks, hybrid environment routes, or specific IP subnets. If a user’s credentials are compromised, an attacker cannot use them outside approved contexts, because the perimeter blocks the request before IAM permissions are applied. This reduces the attack surface dramatically, mitigating insider threats and credential theft.
In addition to access restrictions, VPC Service Controls also prevent data exfiltration by blocking requests that attempt to access resources across unauthorized boundaries. For example, even if a VM inside the perimeter is compromised, it cannot copy data to an external project or a public bucket if those destinations are outside the perimeter.
IAM Conditions (Option B) allow contextual IAM enforcement but are not sufficient because they work only when IAM is invoked, not as a perimeter. They cannot protect against all pathways that an attacker could use.
Cloud Armor (Option A) applies only to external HTTP(S) load-balanced traffic and does not control access to cloud APIs.
Private Google Access (Option D) allows VMs without public IPs to reach Google APIs privately but does not restrict where APIs may be accessed from. It expands connectivity rather than limiting it.
Only VPC Service Controls meet the enterprise’s need for perimeter isolation, context-based access control, and exfiltration prevention.
Question 88
Your company needs to connect dozens of VPCs and multiple on-prem networks into a unified architecture. The operations team requires dynamic routing through BGP, a hub-and-spoke topology, centralized configuration, and isolation between spokes to prevent unintended access. They also want easy onboarding of new VPCs without requiring complex mesh connections. Which Google Cloud service provides this architecture?
A) Cloud Router
B) Network Connectivity Center
C) VPC Peering
D) Cloud VPN static tunnels
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Network Connectivity Center (NCC) provides a scalable, hub-and-spoke networking architecture ideal for interconnecting many VPCs and on-prem networks. NCC integrates with Cloud Router to support dynamic BGP routing, enabling automatic route updates and failover. Each VPC, VPN, or Interconnect link becomes a spoke connected to the NCC hub, ensuring that routing remains simple and centrally managed.
The hub-and-spoke design prevents transitive routing by default. Spokes do not automatically communicate with one another, enhancing security and API isolation between business units. This segmentation is essential for large enterprises where teams or departments require strict boundaries between networks.
By centralizing routing management, NCC eliminates the operational burden of full mesh VPC Peering. Mesh peering becomes nearly impossible to scale beyond a small number of VPCs because every VPC must peer with every other VPC individually. NCC avoids this pitfall, supporting easy onboarding of new networks.
Option A, Cloud Router, provides BGP but not the hub-and-spoke model.
Option C, VPC Peering, does not scale and cannot enforce isolation.
Option D, Cloud VPN static tunnels, lack dynamic routing and become unwieldy with dozens of VPCs.
NCC is the only solution providing scalable, secure, dynamic hybrid connectivity.
Question 89
A global retail platform needs a load balancer that delivers traffic through a single anycast IP, routes users to the nearest healthy backend, supports QUIC and HTTP/2, terminates HTTPS at the edge, and performs global health checks. The system must support multi-region failover over Google’s private backbone. Which Google Cloud load balancer satisfies these requirements?
A) TCP Proxy Load Balancer
B) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer (Premium Tier)
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The correct answer is D because the Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer in Premium Tier is the only Google Cloud load balancer that provides global anycast IP routing, edge termination of HTTPS, multi-region backends, and global health checking with intelligent failover. It transports traffic over Google’s private backbone, ensuring optimal performance and security.
Regional load balancers (Option B) cannot support global failover.
TCP Proxy Load Balancer (Option A) supports global routing but does not support full HTTP features like QUIC or advanced L7 routing.
Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer (Option C) is designed for private internal traffic only.
The Premium Tier Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is engineered for globally distributed applications needing fast, reliable, secure content delivery with built-in multi-region resilience.
Question 90
Your enterprise needs a private hybrid connectivity solution that avoids the public internet, provides deterministic low-latency connectivity, supports dynamic BGP routing, and offers redundant circuits for high availability. The network must support mission-critical systems running in multiple regions and require SLA-backed throughput. Which Google Cloud solution should be deployed?
A) HA VPN
B) Cloud VPN with static routes
C) Dedicated Interconnect
D) Partner Interconnect single VLAN attachment
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Dedicated Interconnect provides private, high-bandwidth, SLA-backed connectivity between on-prem data centers and Google Cloud. It bypasses the public internet entirely and uses redundant circuits across independent edge availability domains, ensuring maximum reliability. With Cloud Router integration, it supports dynamic BGP routing, allowing automated path selection, quick failover, and scalable hybrid connectivity across multiple regions.
HA VPN (Option A) adds redundancy but still travels over the public internet. Option B’s static routing is limited in scalability and flexibility. Option D introduces single points of failure unless deployed redundantly.
Dedicated Interconnect is the enterprise-grade solution offering the SLA-backed performance, private connectivity, and redundancy required for mission-critical multi-region hybrid deployments.
Question 91
Your company is modernizing its enterprise network design in Google Cloud. Multiple GKE clusters, Cloud Run services, and Compute Engine instances need to communicate securely using authenticated service identities. You must enforce mutual TLS, provide centralized policy control, collect detailed telemetry, and manage traffic—including retries, circuit breaking, and weighted routing—without requiring developers to modify application code. Which Google Cloud solution satisfies these requirements?
A) Cloud Router with dynamic routing
B) Anthos Service Mesh
C) VPC Firewall Rules with hierarchical policies
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Anthos Service Mesh delivers identity-aware, encrypted, policy-driven service-to-service communication across microservices running on GKE, Cloud Run for Anthos, and other supported environments. For modern distributed architectures, particularly those consisting of heterogeneous workloads across Compute Engine, GKE, and Cloud Run, enforcing uniform security and observability is a central challenge. Anthos Service Mesh solves this by injecting Envoy sidecars that transparently intercept and manage communication. The applications require no code changes, which significantly reduces developer burden and ensures consistent enforcement regardless of language, framework, or environment.
One core requirement in the question is enforcing mutual TLS. Anthos Service Mesh automatically provisions and rotates certificates tied to workload identities. These identities originate from Kubernetes service accounts or other authenticated sources, enabling cryptographically verified service authentication. Mutual TLS ensures not only encryption but also service-level identity verification, preventing unauthorized workloads from communicating. Network-based methods such as firewall rules cannot guarantee identity authenticity because IP addresses can change or be spoofed.
Centralized policy control is another important feature. Anthos Service Mesh allows administrators to define fine-grained access control policies, rate limits, request timeouts, and load balancing rules at the mesh configuration layer. These policies apply consistently across all workloads, regardless of cluster or region. This ensures compliance, reduces configuration drift, and enhances security posture across environments.
Traffic management capabilities in Anthos Service Mesh include weighted routing, retries, circuit breaking, and canary rollouts. These features are indispensable for application resiliency and safe deployment practices. For instance, when deploying new versions of a service, traffic can be gradually shifted from version A to version B. Retries mitigate transient network failures, while circuit breaking protects services from overload when downstream dependencies become unhealthy. All these operations occur without requiring developers to add logic to their codebases.
Telemetry is equally important. Anthos Service Mesh automatically collects metrics such as request counts, success rates, latencies, and traces. These metrics are critical for diagnosing issues, optimizing performance, and understanding service dependencies. Engineers benefit from detailed observability without the need to integrate custom instrumentation.
Option A, Cloud Router, supports BGP routing but does not provide service-level authentication or traffic controls. Option C, VPC Firewall Rules, protect at the IP layer but cannot manage encryption, identity, or telemetry, nor can they shape traffic. Option D, Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer, provides regional load balancing but cannot enforce mutual TLS or identity-aware routing and has no mesh-level observability.
Anthos Service Mesh is the only technology purpose-built for complete security, traffic control, and visibility in distributed service environments.
Question 92
Your security team requires that BigQuery, Cloud Storage, and other Google Cloud managed services be accessible only from approved VPC networks. Even if an IAM user’s credentials are leaked, the attacker must not be able to access these services unless the request originates from a trusted network path. You must enforce organization-wide perimeters, prevent data movement across perimeter boundaries, and maintain strict context-based access controls. Which Google Cloud feature should you deploy?
A) Private Service Connect
B) VPC Service Controls
C) IAM Conditions with network tags
D) Organization Policy Service restrictions
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because VPC Service Controls are designed specifically to protect access to Google-managed services by defining security perimeters that restrict requests based on network context rather than identity alone. IAM alone cannot prevent unauthorized access when credentials are compromised. VPC Service Controls add an additional layer by requiring that API calls originate only from networks that are explicitly authorized.
Security perimeters in VPC Service Controls allow grouping multiple projects that contain sensitive datasets. Once a perimeter is established, it prevents data exfiltration to resources outside the perimeter, even if IAM permissions would normally allow the action. This is essential for highly regulated workloads, such as those involving financial transactions, personal healthcare records, or government data.
In addition to the perimeters, access levels enforce context-based requirements. These access levels ensure requests come from approved networks, such as GCP VPC subnets, on-prem networks connected via Interconnect, or hybrid networks via VPN. Attackers, even with valid IAM tokens, cannot access BigQuery or Cloud Storage APIs unless they are within the trusted boundary.
Option A, Private Service Connect, allows private access to certain services but does not enforce organization-wide perimeters or prevent cross-project exfiltration. Option C, IAM Conditions, can restrict access based on external conditions but lacks the comprehensive perimeter model needed for managed service protection. Option D, Organization Policy Service restrictions, enforce constraints like disabling external IPs or blocking public storage buckets but cannot secure API-level access in the same way.
Only VPC Service Controls provide defense-in-depth with perimeter-based protections.
Question 93
Your organization manages many VPCs across multiple business units and needs a scalable architecture to interconnect them along with several on-prem data centers. You need dynamic BGP routing, a hub-and-spoke model, centralized connectivity visibility, and isolation between spokes. What is the best Google Cloud service to meet these requirements?
A) Direct VPC Peering mesh
B) Network Connectivity Center
C) Cloud VPN with static routes
D) Cloud Router alone
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Network Connectivity Center (NCC) provides a modern hub-and-spoke model that is ideal for connecting large numbers of VPCs and hybrid networks. NCC integrates with Cloud Router to support dynamic BGP routing, which automates route distribution and failover. As networks grow in scale, automation becomes essential to avoid the overhead of manual route management.
The hub-and-spoke model prevents transitive routing between spokes. This is a key architectural requirement, especially when different business units require separation for compliance or security reasons. Each VPC spoke connects only to the NCC hub, and routes must be explicitly propagated. This prevents accidental exposure of sensitive networks.
Full mesh VPC Peering (Option A) does not scale. Each VPC must peer with every other VPC, creating exponential overhead. Additionally, VPC Peering does not support transitive routing, so mesh designs introduce operational complexity and fragility.
Cloud VPN with static routes (Option C) lacks scalability and dynamic routing. Maintaining static routes for dozens of VPCs becomes unmanageable.
Cloud Router alone (Option D) enables BGP routing but does not provide topology management or centralized connectivity organization.
NCC is purpose-built for scalable, well-organized, multi-environment connectivity.
Question 94
A global financial trading platform needs a public-facing endpoint that terminates HTTPS at Google’s edge, provides global routing, performs continuous global health checks, and routes users to the closest healthy backend. It must support QUIC and HTTP/2, multi-region failover, and an anycast IP. Which Google Cloud solution satisfies these needs?
A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer (Premium Tier)
C) SSL Proxy Load Balancer
D) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because the Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer in Premium Tier supports global anycast IPs, intelligent routing, multi-region backends, continuous health checks, and QUIC/HTTP2 support. Financial trading platforms rely on low latency and precise routing to ensure consistent performance worldwide. The global load balancer routes requests to the nearest Google edge, then sends traffic over Google’s private backbone for optimized performance.
Option A is regional only. Option C supports global routing but lacks L7 features like HTTP/2 and QUIC. Option D supports only internal traffic.
The Premium Tier global HTTP(S) load balancer is the only complete fit.
Question 95
Your organization requires private, high-throughput hybrid connectivity for mission-critical workloads. The solution must not use the public internet, must support dynamic routing via Cloud Router, and must provide redundant circuits with SLAs. Which Google Cloud hybrid connectivity offering meets all these requirements?
A) HA VPN
B) Cloud VPN with static routes
C) Dedicated Interconnect
D) Partner Interconnect single VLAN
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Dedicated Interconnect provides private, SLA-backed connectivity with high bandwidth and redundant links. It integrates with Cloud Router for dynamic BGP routing across multiple regions. This guarantees low-latency, deterministic performance for mission-critical workloads.
HA VPN (Option A) still traverses the public internet. Option B uses static routes and lacks advanced routing. Option D offers private connectivity but lacks the same SLA and redundancy unless deployed with multiple attachments.
Dedicated Interconnect is the enterprise-grade choice.
Question 96
A global enterprise is deploying an event-processing platform across multiple GKE clusters in different regions. The architecture requires mutual TLS for all service-to-service communication, identity-based policy enforcement, automated certificate rotation, traffic shaping for canary deployments, retries and circuit breaking, and unified request-level telemetry. The platform team insists that developers should not modify their application code. Which Google Cloud service best fulfills these requirements?
A) Cloud NAT with firewall rules
B) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Anthos Service Mesh
D) Network Connectivity Center
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Anthos Service Mesh provides seamless, identity-aware, policy-based, and observable service communication for distributed microservices running across GKE clusters. This solution is ideal for global event-processing systems that depend on secure, reliable, and controlled interactions between dozens or hundreds of microservices. Anthos Service Mesh uses Envoy sidecar proxies to intercept and manage traffic between services, allowing capabilities such as mutual TLS, advanced routing, and telemetry collection without requiring developers to modify application code.
Mutual TLS is a cornerstone of zero-trust architectures and is essential in distributed event-processing systems, where messages may move through multiple services for validation, filtering, transformation, and storage. Anthos Service Mesh automatically provisions and rotates certificates associated with workload identities. These identities are tied to Kubernetes service accounts, ensuring that communication security is based on verified identities rather than IP addresses or network location. This mechanism protects against spoofed traffic and compromised workloads.
Traffic shaping is particularly important for event-processing architectures because new versions of services must often be rolled out without causing disruption or altering event flow patterns. Anthos Service Mesh enables canary deployments through weighted routing, allowing only a portion of traffic to flow to new service versions. Teams can observe performance characteristics and error rates before shifting more traffic to the updated version. The mesh also supports blue-green deployments, retries, circuit breaking, and timeouts—all essential for resilience in systems where service dependencies may vary in load and performance.
Request-level telemetry is another critical requirement. Anthos Service Mesh automatically gathers structured metrics, traces, and logs for every request. Event-processing systems often involve multi-hop flows where events propagate through different extract, transform, and load stages. Without detailed telemetry, identifying performance bottlenecks or diagnosing failures becomes extremely difficult. The mesh integrates with Google Cloud Monitoring and Cloud Trace, giving engineers the visibility they need.
Alternatives cannot meet these requirements. Option A, Cloud NAT with firewall rules, manages outbound internet access and basic packet filtering but cannot enforce identity-based authentication or mutual TLS. Option B, Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer, is limited to regional L7 load balancing and cannot enforce service-level identity or provide distributed routing rules. Option D, Network Connectivity Center, supports hybrid network connectivity but does not manage microservice communication.
Anthos Service Mesh is the only solution supporting encryption, identity, observability, and traffic control without code changes.
Question 97
A finance company needs to restrict access to BigQuery, Cloud Storage, and Pub/Sub such that only requests originating from approved VPC networks or on-prem networks connected using Interconnect are allowed. Even if IAM tokens are compromised, unauthorized access must be blocked. The solution must enforce project-level perimeters, prevent data exfiltration, and support organization-wide policies. Which Google Cloud technology should be used?
A) Private Google Access
B) VPC Service Controls
C) IAM Conditions
D) Cloud Armor policies
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because VPC Service Controls create security perimeters that protect Google-managed services from unauthorized access based on network context. In industries like finance, where regulatory compliance and strict data governance are mandated, the combination of IAM and context-based restrictions is essential. VPC Service Controls prevent data exfiltration by blocking API calls originating outside defined service perimeters.
Unlike IAM-based restrictions alone, VPC Service Controls treat network origin as a critical component of access verification. Only requests from authorized VPCs, on-prem addresses routed through Interconnect, or VPN tunnels satisfying access-level policies can reach managed services such as BigQuery and Cloud Storage. This ensures attackers who acquire IAM credentials cannot access sensitive data unless they are operating within an approved network environment.
The perimeters established by VPC Service Controls can include multiple projects, allowing the finance company to segment workloads according to sensitivity. Additionally, the platform allows granular access levels, including requirements such as specific IP subnets, device policies, or hybrid network paths. These controls apply even before IAM permission checks, adding a vital layer of protection.
Option A, Private Google Access, allows private VMs to reach managed APIs but cannot prevent API calls from unauthorized networks. Option C, IAM Conditions, allows contextual IAM decisions but cannot enforce project-wide perimeters or prevent cross-project exfiltration. Option D, Cloud Armor, protects internet-facing HTTP(S) traffic but has no role in managing access to Google Cloud APIs.
VPC Service Controls are the only technology tailored to enforcing organization-wide API perimeters and preventing exfiltration.
Question 98
A large enterprise with dozens of VPCs and multiple on-prem data centers needs a scalable hybrid networking solution. The architecture must support dynamic BGP routing, provide centralized topology management, prevent transitive routing between VPCs, and simplify onboarding of new networks. Which Google Cloud solution best satisfies these goals?
A) Cloud Router
B) Network Connectivity Center
C) Full mesh VPC Peering
D) HA VPN with static routes
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Network Connectivity Center (NCC) provides a modern hub-and-spoke network architecture designed for large enterprises with many VPCs and hybrid environments. NCC integrates with Cloud Router to support dynamic BGP routing, allowing on-prem data centers and cloud VPCs to share routes automatically. This reduces manual configuration, making it easier for network engineers to maintain scalable connectivity.
One of the key challenges in multi-VPC environments is preventing transitive routing. Without proper controls, traffic could unintentionally traverse from one business unit’s network to another, creating security and compliance risks. NCC ensures that all routing occurs through the hub and that spokes only communicate with the hub unless explicitly configured. This simplifies governance and eliminates the risk of accidental exposure.
NCC also centralizes network topology management. Engineers can view the entire connectivity landscape, including Interconnect attachments, VPN connections, and VPC spokes, through a single interface. This unified visibility is invaluable in large organizations where manually tracking connectivity between dozens of networks would be error-prone and time-consuming.
Option C, full mesh VPC Peering, does not scale due to the exponential number of peering relationships required. It also fails to provide centralized management and still lacks transitive routing support. Option D, HA VPN with static routes, is not designed for enterprise-grade scalability because static routes require manual updates for each network addition. Option A, Cloud Router, supports BGP but does not provide a hub-and-spoke topology by itself.
NCC is the only solution built for large-scale hybrid connectivity with dynamic routing and centralized controls.
Question 99
A global SaaS platform needs a single anycast IP that terminates HTTPS at the edge, routes clients to the closest healthy backend, supports global health checks, provides multi-region failover, and uses Google’s private backbone for optimal performance. QUIC and HTTP/2 support are required. Which Google Cloud load balancing product is the best fit?
A) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer (Premium Tier)
B) SSL Proxy Load Balancer
C) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The correct answer is A because the Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer in Premium Tier offers world-class content delivery with a single global anycast IP. It terminates TLS at the nearest Google edge location and routes traffic over Google’s private backbone to the nearest healthy backend. For a global SaaS provider, minimizing latency is essential because users across continents expect fast, reliable access.
This load balancer performs continuous global health checks, ensuring that clients are always directed to healthy backends. In case an entire region becomes unavailable, the load balancer automatically fails over to another region without requiring DNS changes or manual intervention. QUIC and HTTP/2 support further improve performance and reduce latency.
Option B, SSL Proxy Load Balancer, supports global routing but lacks support for full HTTP semantics and advanced L7 routing. Option C is limited to the region where it is deployed. Option D is for internal traffic only.
The Premium Tier global HTTP(S) load balancer is the only solution supporting global routing, edge termination, and advanced protocol support.
Question 100
A multinational corporation operates mission-critical systems across multiple regions. The company needs high-throughput, private hybrid connectivity with dynamic routing, redundant circuits, and end-to-end SLAs. The solution must avoid the public internet entirely and provide deterministic low latency for workloads spanning on-prem data centers and Google Cloud. Which hybrid connectivity option should be deployed?
A) HA VPN
B) Cloud VPN with static routes
C) Dedicated Interconnect
D) Partner Interconnect single VLAN attachment
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Dedicated Interconnect offers private, high-bandwidth, SLA-backed connections directly from enterprise data centers to Google Cloud. With redundant circuits across separate edge availability domains, Dedicated Interconnect ensures fault tolerance and minimal latency for mission-critical workloads. Dynamic BGP routing via Cloud Router ensures fast failover and scalable route management.
Option A, HA VPN, uses the public internet, making it unsuitable for deterministic performance needs. Option B relies on static routing and lacks resilience. Option D provides private connectivity but cannot match the redundancy and SLA guarantees of Dedicated Interconnect unless deployed in complex, multi-attachment configurations.
Dedicated Interconnect is the only hybrid connectivity solution built specifically for enterprise-grade, ultra-reliable, low-latency operations.
