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Question 161
A network administrator wants to prioritize critical voice and video traffic over general data traffic on a converged network. Which configuration should be applied to ensure minimal latency and jitter?
A) Implement Quality of Service (QoS) policies
B) Configure static routing
C) Enable DHCP snooping
D) Deploy a proxy server
Answer: A
Explanation:
In modern enterprise networks, especially those that support VoIP, video conferencing, and real-time communication, traffic prioritization is crucial to maintain performance and avoid delays or jitter. Networks carrying both real-time and standard data traffic are termed converged networks, where voice, video, and data share the same infrastructure. Without proper prioritization, voice packets may experience delays, resulting in dropped calls, poor audio quality, and video lag.
Option A) is correct because Quality of Service (QoS) enables administrators to classify and prioritize traffic based on type, source, destination, or application. QoS mechanisms can be applied at Layer 2 (switching) and Layer 3 (routing). Techniques such as traffic shaping, traffic policing, classification, and marking ensure that high-priority traffic (voice or video) receives bandwidth preferentially, while lower-priority traffic like bulk file transfers is managed to avoid congestion. QoS policies may utilize Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) or 802.1p tagging to identify traffic priorities, ensuring switches and routers handle packets correctly throughout the network.
Option B), static routing, controls packet delivery paths but does not prioritize traffic based on type or latency requirements. Option C), DHCP snooping, is a security feature that prevents unauthorized DHCP servers from distributing IP addresses and does not manage traffic prioritization. Option D), deploying a proxy server, controls web access and caching but does not address network latency or real-time traffic management.
Network+ candidates should understand how QoS impacts bandwidth allocation, congestion management, and end-to-end service quality. When deploying QoS, administrators need to identify critical applications, assign correct priority values, and monitor network performance to adjust policies dynamically. Implementing QoS is essential in high-density offices, remote work scenarios, and multimedia-rich environments, where even milliseconds of delay can degrade user experience. Additionally, QoS policies must be consistently applied across all network devices to avoid priority inversion or inconsistent traffic handling, ensuring that mission-critical communication always receives the required bandwidth and low latency.
Question 162
A network engineer wants to extend the reach of a wireless network into areas with weak coverage while maintaining the same SSID and security settings. Which device should be deployed?
A) Wireless range extender
B) Wireless router
C) Managed switch
D) Firewall
Answer: A
Explanation:
Wireless networks often face coverage gaps due to physical obstacles, distance from access points, or interference from other devices. To provide consistent coverage across all areas, especially in large offices, warehouses, or campuses, administrators deploy devices that extend the wireless signal.
Option A) is correct because a wireless range extender receives the existing Wi-Fi signal, amplifies it, and rebroadcasts it to areas with poor coverage. Range extenders maintain the same SSID, encryption type, and security keys, allowing client devices to roam seamlessly without losing connectivity. Modern extenders support both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, dual-band operation, and even mesh capabilities for enterprise environments. Proper placement of extenders is crucial; they must be positioned where they receive a strong signal from the main access point to avoid signal degradation and increased latency.
Option B), a wireless router, can create a new wireless network but does not inherently extend an existing network with the same SSID. Option C), a managed switch, controls wired network traffic and VLANs but does not enhance wireless coverage. Option D), a firewall, secures the network but does not impact Wi-Fi range.
Network+ professionals must understand wireless propagation characteristics, channel selection, and interference mitigation when deploying extenders. Factors such as walls, metal objects, and other wireless networks can reduce signal strength and throughput. Administrators should also consider band steering, load balancing, and mesh networks for advanced coverage solutions. Proper deployment ensures continuous connectivity, reduced dead zones, and improved user experience, which is especially important in corporate environments with mobile employees, IoT devices, and multimedia applications. Extenders, when configured correctly, are a cost-effective solution for improving signal strength without redesigning the entire wireless infrastructure.
Question 163
A company needs to monitor network devices and collect performance statistics, such as bandwidth usage, CPU load, and memory utilization, across multiple routers and switches. Which protocol is MOST suitable for this task?
A) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
B) ICMP
C) ARP
D) NTP
Answer: A
Explanation:
Network monitoring and performance management are critical for proactive maintenance, troubleshooting, and capacity planning. Administrators need to collect information about device status, interface utilization, error rates, and environmental metrics to ensure network reliability.
Option A) is correct because Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is specifically designed for monitoring and managing network devices. SNMP operates in a client-server architecture, with managed devices running SNMP agents and monitoring systems acting as SNMP managers. SNMP provides information through Management Information Bases (MIBs), which define the structure and types of monitored data. SNMP versions 1, 2c, and 3 offer varying levels of security and functionality, with SNMPv3 providing authentication and encryption for secure monitoring. SNMP allows administrators to generate alerts, monitor bandwidth consumption, CPU and memory utilization, interface status, and environmental factors such as temperature and power supply conditions.
Option B), ICMP, is used for basic connectivity testing, such as ping or traceroute, but does not provide detailed performance metrics. Option C), ARP, resolves MAC addresses to IP addresses but does not collect network performance statistics. Option D), NTP, synchronizes time across devices but does not provide monitoring capabilities.
Network+ professionals should understand how to configure SNMP on routers, switches, and servers, including community strings, access control, and integration with centralized network monitoring tools. Proper SNMP deployment enables network analytics, anomaly detection, trend analysis, and automated alerting, which are essential for maintaining high availability, performance, and compliance. Monitoring solutions can also integrate with performance dashboards, logging systems, and reporting tools to provide holistic insights into network health. SNMP remains a foundational protocol in network management because it combines flexibility, extensibility, and standardization, making it indispensable for enterprises managing complex network environments.
Question 164
A network engineer is tasked with segmenting a corporate network to improve security, isolate sensitive systems, and reduce broadcast traffic. Which technology is BEST suited for this requirement?
A) Virtual LAN (VLAN)
B) NAT
C) VPN
D) Spanning Tree Protocol
Answer: A
Explanation:
Network segmentation improves security, performance, and manageability by dividing a large network into smaller, isolated sections. Segmentation reduces the scope of broadcast domains, ensures that sensitive systems are protected, and helps enforce access control policies.
Option A) is correct because Virtual LANs (VLANs) allow administrators to create logical networks within the same physical infrastructure. VLANs isolate traffic between departments, projects, or security zones without requiring additional hardware. Each VLAN functions as a separate broadcast domain, reducing unnecessary broadcast traffic and minimizing congestion. Inter-VLAN communication requires Layer 3 routing, often handled by routers or Layer 3 switches. VLANs also enhance security by separating sensitive data from general network traffic, mitigating the risk of internal attacks, and enabling policy enforcement through access control lists (ACLs). Advanced VLAN features, such as voice VLANs, private VLANs, and dynamic VLAN assignment, provide additional flexibility for enterprise networks.
Option B), NAT, translates IP addresses but does not isolate traffic or reduce broadcast domains. Option C), VPN, secures remote communications but does not segment the internal network. Option D), Spanning Tree Protocol, prevents Layer 2 loops but does not provide logical segmentation for traffic isolation.
Network+ candidates should understand VLAN tagging, trunking (802.1Q), VLAN best practices, and integration with ACLs to design secure, efficient networks. Proper VLAN deployment ensures that sensitive systems like financial databases, HR systems, and VoIP infrastructure are protected from general network traffic. Administrators should also monitor VLAN performance, ensure proper trunk configuration, and document VLAN assignments for troubleshooting and scalability. VLANs, when correctly implemented, improve network reliability, security, and performance, supporting enterprise environments with high device density, multiple departments, and complex access requirements.
Question 165
A network administrator is designing a network that must support high-availability services for a data center. Devices must remain operational even if one physical link fails. Which design principle BEST addresses this requirement?
A) Redundant links and failover mechanisms
B) Static IP addressing
C) Single-homed topology
D) NAT implementation
Answer: A
Explanation:
High availability is critical in data centers, enterprise networks, and cloud services, where downtime can result in financial loss, reduced productivity, and reputational damage. To maintain continuous operation, network designs must include redundancy at multiple layers, failover mechanisms, and resilient topologies.
Option A) is correct because redundant links ensure that if one physical connection fails, another path can handle the traffic, minimizing service disruption. Redundancy can be implemented in Layer 2 networks with STP/RSTP to prevent loops while allowing backup paths, and in Layer 3 networks using dynamic routing protocols like OSPF or EIGRP to automatically reroute traffic. Redundant links combined with load balancing and failover mechanisms ensure seamless operation and optimal utilization of network resources. Administrators may also use dual power supplies, clustered devices, and high-availability protocols (HSRP, VRRP, GLBP) to enhance network resilience.
Option B), static IP addressing, provides stable addresses but does not address physical link failures or high availability. Option C), a single-homed topology, lacks redundancy and creates a single point of failure. Option D), NAT implementation, provides address translation but does not inherently improve uptime or fault tolerance.
Network+ professionals should understand network topology design principles, redundancy strategies, and failover technologies. Proper design includes identifying critical network paths, implementing link aggregation, configuring dynamic routing protocols for fast convergence, and testing failover scenarios. Redundancy improves resilience against hardware failures, cable cuts, or configuration errors, ensuring that services like web hosting, email, VoIP, and database access remain available. A robust high-availability network design is a cornerstone of enterprise IT strategy, balancing cost, complexity, and operational reliability.
Question 166
A network engineer is troubleshooting intermittent connectivity issues between remote offices. Packets are being dropped, and latency is fluctuating. Which technology should be monitored and potentially adjusted to resolve these issues?
A) WAN optimization and Quality of Service (QoS) settings
B) Port security configurations
C) Spanning Tree Protocol timers
D) DHCP lease duration
Answer: A
Explanation:
Intermittent connectivity problems, packet loss, and fluctuating latency are common symptoms of congestion or suboptimal traffic handling in wide area networks (WANs). WANs often connect geographically dispersed offices and carry diverse types of traffic, including real-time applications like VoIP and video conferencing, business-critical applications, and general data transfers. Monitoring and optimizing the WAN requires an understanding of both bandwidth allocation and traffic prioritization mechanisms.
Option A) is correct because WAN optimization technologies can reduce latency and packet loss by using techniques such as deduplication, compression, and caching, while Quality of Service (QoS) ensures that critical traffic receives priority over non-essential data. QoS allows administrators to classify traffic, assign priority levels, and manage congestion dynamically. By adjusting QoS policies and evaluating WAN performance, the engineer can identify whether high-priority applications are being delayed and implement strategies like traffic shaping or rate limiting to improve reliability. Proper WAN optimization also involves monitoring jitter, round-trip times, and packet retransmissions to ensure seamless connectivity between remote offices.
Option B), port security configurations, primarily protects against unauthorized devices on local networks and is unlikely to affect WAN latency or packet loss. Option C), Spanning Tree Protocol timers, affects loop prevention in Layer 2 networks and is irrelevant for WAN packet flow. Option D), DHCP lease duration, affects IP address allocation but does not influence intermittent connectivity or latency.
Network+ professionals must understand how to analyze WAN performance, identify bottlenecks, and apply solutions such as QoS and WAN optimization appliances. This includes evaluating bandwidth utilization, application performance, and potential network congestion points. Adjustments may involve prioritizing business-critical traffic, segmenting non-critical applications, and deploying traffic acceleration techniques. By monitoring WAN links and implementing optimization strategies, organizations can achieve consistent application performance, improved remote office productivity, and enhanced user experience across geographically dispersed locations. Understanding WAN optimization and QoS is vital for designing reliable, high-performance enterprise networks that support modern business operations and remote connectivity.
Question 167
An organization is implementing a new IP addressing scheme to minimize wasted addresses and ensure efficient routing. Which addressing methodology should the network engineer apply?
A) Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)
B) Classful addressing
C) NAT overloading
D) Default gateway assignment
Answer: A
Explanation:
Efficient IP address allocation is critical for large networks, where address conservation and routing efficiency can significantly impact operational cost, scalability, and manageability. In modern networks, using a fixed subnet size often leads to wasted addresses, inefficient routing, and unnecessarily large routing tables.
Option A) is correct because Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) allows network engineers to allocate subnets of different sizes based on the specific requirements of each segment. With VLSM, a network can assign smaller subnets to low-density areas and larger subnets to high-density segments, optimizing address utilization. VLSM also improves routing efficiency by reducing the number of unused IP addresses and enabling hierarchical network design. When combined with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), VLSM provides a highly flexible and scalable addressing approach, suitable for enterprises with complex network hierarchies or multiple remote offices.
Option B), classful addressing, is an outdated method that divides IP ranges strictly into classes A, B, or C, leading to inefficiency and wasted addresses. Option C), NAT overloading (PAT), allows multiple devices to share a single public IP but does not optimize internal subnet allocation. Option D), default gateway assignment, is necessary for routing but does not affect IP address allocation efficiency.
Network+ professionals should understand how to calculate subnet sizes, create subnet masks, and implement VLSM to design efficient, scalable networks. This involves analyzing host requirements for each subnet, minimizing broadcast domains, and maintaining hierarchical IP addressing to simplify routing tables. Proper VLSM implementation enhances network scalability, reduces routing complexity, and ensures optimal utilization of IPv4 address space, which is especially crucial in environments with limited public IP addresses. Administrators should also consider IPv6 deployment, which complements VLSM principles by offering a virtually limitless address space while maintaining efficient hierarchical allocation. Efficient subnetting ensures that enterprise networks are organized, maintainable, and prepared for future growth, reducing both operational complexity and costs associated with address wastage.
Question 168
A company is designing a network to securely allow employees to access internal resources remotely. Which technology should be implemented to encrypt traffic and authenticate users over the Internet?
A) Virtual Private Network (VPN)
B) Proxy server
C) VLAN segmentation
D) SNMP monitoring
Answer: A
Explanation:
Remote access to internal corporate resources presents both convenience and security challenges. Sensitive data traversing the public Internet is exposed to potential interception, modification, or eavesdropping. Organizations must implement secure tunneling and authentication mechanisms to protect confidential information and ensure authorized access.
Option A) is correct because a Virtual Private Network (VPN) establishes an encrypted tunnel between remote users and internal network resources. VPNs authenticate users and devices, providing secure access to applications, file servers, and internal services while preventing unauthorized access. VPN protocols such as IPSec, SSL/TLS, and L2TP provide encryption, integrity, and authentication, ensuring that sensitive traffic cannot be intercepted by attackers. VPNs also support remote workforce scalability, enabling secure access from home, mobile devices, or branch offices without compromising network security.
Option B), a proxy server, primarily handles web traffic caching and content filtering but does not provide end-to-end encryption or secure authentication for all applications. Option C), VLAN segmentation, isolates traffic within a network but does not secure remote access over the Internet. Option D), SNMP monitoring, provides device status information but does not encrypt traffic or authenticate users.
Network+ candidates must understand VPN deployment, tunneling protocols, authentication methods, and encryption standards. Effective VPN design includes choosing appropriate protocols, integrating multi-factor authentication, and configuring secure endpoint clients. Administrators should also consider split tunneling, traffic inspection, and remote network policies to balance security with performance. VPN technology is fundamental for enterprise mobility, remote workforce productivity, and secure cloud access, providing a critical layer of protection in an era where distributed networks and cloud services are increasingly prevalent. Proper VPN implementation ensures that confidential data remains secure, unauthorized access is prevented, and users experience seamless connectivity regardless of their physical location.
Question 169
A network technician observes that certain switches in a Layer 2 network are frequently dropping packets during peak traffic hours, causing intermittent connectivity issues. Which technique should be implemented to prevent switching loops and improve overall stability?
A) Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
B) DHCP snooping
C) ACL filtering
D) NAT translation
Answer: A
Explanation:
Layer 2 networks rely on switches to forward frames within a broadcast domain. However, redundant links between switches, if not properly managed, can create switching loops, resulting in broadcast storms, high CPU utilization, and dropped packets. These issues often manifest as intermittent connectivity, slow network response, and degraded application performance during periods of high traffic.
Option A) is correct because the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is specifically designed to detect and eliminate switching loops in Layer 2 networks. STP identifies redundant paths and selectively blocks certain ports while keeping an alternate path available for failover. Modern STP variants like Rapid STP (RSTP) and Multiple STP (MSTP) provide faster convergence and improved network stability in complex topologies. By implementing STP, administrators prevent broadcast storms, network flooding, and packet drops, ensuring that even in networks with redundant physical connections, traffic flows efficiently and predictably.
Option B), DHCP snooping, protects against rogue DHCP servers but does not address switching loops. Option C), ACL filtering, controls traffic access but does not prevent Layer 2 loops. Option D), NAT translation, modifies IP addresses for routing but is unrelated to switch-level redundancy.
Network+ professionals should understand how to configure STP, select root bridges, adjust port priorities, and monitor network topology for convergence issues. STP is a fundamental technique for maintaining Layer 2 network resilience, minimizing downtime, and ensuring consistent connectivity for critical applications. Proper STP implementation involves balancing redundancy, convergence speed, and network scalability while avoiding misconfigurations that can introduce network instability. Administrators must also periodically review network diagrams, port roles, and STP logs to ensure the network remains stable as devices are added or removed. Mastering STP is essential for maintaining highly available Layer 2 infrastructure in enterprise environments.
Question 170
A company wants to implement a network design that separates internal traffic into multiple segments based on department functions while minimizing the number of physical devices. Which technology is most efficient for achieving this goal?
A) Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs)
B) Port forwarding
C) NAT
D) Wireless access points
Answer: A
Explanation:
Enterprise networks often require logical separation of traffic to enhance security, improve performance, and simplify management. Departments such as finance, human resources, and research may require isolated communication paths to prevent unauthorized access and reduce broadcast traffic. Achieving segmentation without deploying additional physical switches can reduce hardware costs and simplify network management.
Option A) is correct because Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) allow administrators to create multiple logical networks on a single physical switch. VLANs segment traffic by assigning switch ports to different VLAN IDs, effectively creating separate broadcast domains. This design improves network efficiency, enhances security by isolating sensitive departments, and allows centralized control over interdepartmental traffic. VLANs can be extended across multiple switches using trunk links, enabling scalability while maintaining a small physical footprint. Additional benefits include traffic prioritization, integration with ACLs, and simplified policy enforcement for network security.
Option B), port forwarding, directs external traffic to specific internal devices but does not segment internal traffic logically. Option C), NAT, provides IP address translation but does not separate traffic within the internal network. Option D), wireless access points, provide connectivity but do not inherently segment traffic at Layer 2.
Network+ professionals must understand VLAN design principles, trunking, tagging (802.1Q), and inter-VLAN routing. Proper VLAN implementation enables departmental isolation, optimized broadcast domains, and efficient network utilization, while reducing the need for additional physical switches. Administrators should also plan VLAN naming conventions, IP addressing schemes, and security policies to maintain clarity and operational efficiency. VLANs are a cost-effective solution for segmentation, performance optimization, and security enforcement, making them a critical component of modern enterprise network design. By leveraging VLANs, organizations can achieve scalable, manageable, and secure network environments while minimizing hardware investment.
Question 171
A network administrator is implementing a secure wireless network for a large enterprise. The organization wants to ensure both confidentiality and integrity of transmitted data, while also using an authentication method that does not require a shared secret on each client device. Which protocol should the administrator implement?
A) WPA2-Personal
B) WPA2-Enterprise
C) WEP
D) Open Wi-Fi
Answer: B
Explanation:
In modern enterprise networking environments, choosing the right wireless security protocol is crucial to protect against unauthorized access, data breaches, and other cybersecurity threats. WPA2-Enterprise provides advanced encryption mechanisms and integrates with authentication services like RADIUS, which allows centralized management of credentials without the need for each device to share a static password. Unlike WPA2-Personal, which relies on a pre-shared key (PSK) and is suitable primarily for small or home networks, WPA2-Enterprise leverages protocols such as 802.1X to authenticate devices dynamically. This approach ensures that even if one device’s credentials are compromised, the rest of the network remains secure. Options A) WPA2-Personal and C) WEP are considered less secure; WEP uses weak encryption algorithms and is vulnerable to packet injection attacks, while WPA2-Personal depends on a static passphrase that can be intercepted or brute-forced. D) Open Wi-Fi offers no encryption or authentication, making it highly insecure for enterprise environments. WPA2-Enterprise also supports stronger encryption algorithms like AES, providing both confidentiality and data integrity. Implementing WPA2-Enterprise requires additional infrastructure such as a RADIUS server and integration with directory services like Active Directory or LDAP, which may increase initial configuration complexity but significantly enhances network security. It also allows individual user auditing, session control, and automatic revocation of credentials if devices are compromised. Overall, WPA2-Enterprise represents the most robust, scalable, and secure wireless solution for enterprise networks, balancing usability and high-security standards.
Question 172
During a network audit, a technician discovers that several switches in the core network are experiencing excessive broadcast traffic, causing network latency and performance degradation. Which solution will most effectively contain broadcast traffic within designated segments?
A) VLAN segmentation
B) Installing additional access points
C) Implementing a content filter
D) Upgrading to higher bandwidth connections
Answer: A
Explanation:
Excessive broadcast traffic in a network can cause severe latency, packet collisions, and overall performance degradation, especially in large-scale networks where many devices are connected to the same broadcast domain. VLAN segmentation, or virtual LANs, is a method of partitioning a physical network into multiple logical networks, each with its own broadcast domain. By implementing VLANs, network administrators can isolate groups of devices, ensuring that broadcast traffic originating from one VLAN does not propagate to others. This approach significantly reduces unnecessary traffic and improves network efficiency. Option B) installing additional access points addresses wireless coverage but does not mitigate broadcast storms in the wired network. C) Implementing a content filter may enhance security by filtering specific traffic types but will not contain broadcast traffic, as broadcast frames are fundamental Layer 2 operations. D) Upgrading to higher bandwidth connections may reduce congestion temporarily but does not solve the underlying problem of excessive broadcast traffic, as the traffic will still traverse the network. Proper VLAN design also allows for more granular traffic management, improved security by isolating sensitive devices, and simplified troubleshooting because administrators can focus on smaller segments. Combining VLANs with other techniques like Spanning Tree Protocol optimizations or broadcast suppression further strengthens the network’s resilience. VLANs are particularly valuable in environments with mixed departments, such as finance, engineering, and HR, where separating traffic both logically and functionally prevents broadcast storms from impacting mission-critical applications.
Question 173
A network engineer is designing a WAN architecture to connect multiple branch offices to a central data center. The organization requires a solution with guaranteed bandwidth, low latency, and predictable performance. Which WAN technology is the most appropriate choice?
A) MPLS
B) VPN over the Internet
C) DSL
D) Cable broadband
Answer: A
Explanation:
When designing a wide area network (WAN) to interconnect multiple branch offices with centralized data centers, network engineers must consider factors such as latency, bandwidth consistency, reliability, and performance predictability. MPLS, or Multi-Protocol Label Switching, is a technology that provides high-performance connectivity by directing data from one node to the next based on short path labels rather than long network addresses. This approach enables traffic engineering, quality of service (QoS) prioritization, and guaranteed bandwidth for critical applications. Option B) VPN over the Internet offers encryption and privacy but relies on the public Internet, which can introduce variable latency, jitter, and inconsistent bandwidth, making it unsuitable for latency-sensitive applications. C) DSL and D) cable broadband are consumer-grade technologies that provide variable bandwidth and lack strong service-level agreements, making them insufficient for enterprise WAN environments requiring reliability and performance guarantees. MPLS allows organizations to define traffic classes, ensuring that voice, video, and mission-critical applications receive priority over less sensitive traffic types. Additionally, MPLS simplifies routing by reducing the complexity of Layer 3 decisions at each hop, as routers only need to read labels. This reduces processing overhead and increases forwarding efficiency, which is especially beneficial in large, geographically dispersed networks. The technology also supports VPNs for secure traffic separation between branches without additional encryption overhead. Overall, MPLS is the preferred choice for enterprises that require predictable performance, robust SLA commitments, and enhanced traffic management capabilities, making it a cornerstone of enterprise WAN architecture.
Question 174
A network technician is troubleshooting a client workstation that cannot obtain an IP address from the DHCP server. The workstation is configured with DHCP, but the network switch port is configured as an access port on VLAN 20, while the DHCP server resides on VLAN 10. What is the most likely cause of the issue?
A) DHCP server misconfiguration
B) VLAN mismatch between client and DHCP server
C) Faulty network cable
D) DHCP lease exhaustion
Answer: B
Explanation:
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is essential for automatically assigning IP addresses and network configuration parameters to devices within a network. For DHCP to function correctly, the client device and DHCP server must either reside in the same broadcast domain or utilize a DHCP relay agent to forward requests across VLANs. In this scenario, the workstation is on VLAN 20, while the DHCP server is on VLAN 10. Because VLANs create separate Layer 2 broadcast domains, the DHCP Discover broadcast from the client cannot reach the server, resulting in a failure to obtain an IP address. Option A) DHCP server misconfiguration could be a possible cause if the server were malfunctioning or had exhausted its address pool, but the VLAN separation is the primary issue here. C) A faulty network cable would result in link connectivity issues, which is not indicated in this case, as the workstation is operational and connected. D) DHCP lease exhaustion could prevent address assignment if the pool were completely used, but VLAN mismatch is more directly relevant given the configuration described. Implementing a DHCP relay or configuring the switch to route DHCP requests between VLANs allows clients in VLAN 20 to communicate with the DHCP server in VLAN 10. VLAN isolation is a powerful tool for traffic segmentation and security but requires careful planning for services that rely on broadcast traffic, such as DHCP and certain discovery protocols. Proper configuration ensures seamless address assignment while maintaining network segmentation and security best practices.
Question 175
A company plans to deploy VoIP phones across its offices. The network engineer must ensure minimal packet loss, low latency, and jitter for voice traffic while preventing these requirements from impacting other network services. Which method will achieve this goal?
A) Implementing QoS with traffic prioritization
B) Upgrading all switches to 10 Gbps
C) Configuring port security on all switch ports
D) Increasing DHCP lease times
Answer: A
Explanation:
Voice over IP (VoIP) requires careful network configuration to maintain call quality, as voice packets are highly sensitive to latency, jitter, and packet loss. Quality of Service (QoS) is a suite of technologies that enables network administrators to classify, prioritize, and manage traffic, ensuring that latency-sensitive applications, such as VoIP, receive preferential treatment. By implementing QoS with traffic prioritization, voice packets can be tagged and handled before other less time-sensitive data, such as file transfers or email. Option B) upgrading switches to 10 Gbps increases overall bandwidth but does not inherently prioritize traffic, meaning voice packets may still experience delays if the network is congested. C) Configuring port security enhances physical and access security but does not address latency or jitter for voice traffic. D) Increasing DHCP lease times ensures clients retain IP addresses longer but has no effect on voice traffic quality. Proper QoS implementation involves classifying traffic based on protocols or ports, marking packets with Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) values, and configuring queuing mechanisms on switches and routers. Additionally, QoS can manage congestion, reduce packet loss, and provide predictable latency, which is essential for maintaining high-quality voice communication. By separating and prioritizing traffic logically rather than only increasing raw bandwidth, the network can efficiently handle VoIP alongside other critical applications. Combining QoS with network monitoring tools allows continuous evaluation of voice performance and ensures the network meets strict Service Level Agreements (SLAs) for voice traffic.
Question 176
A network administrator wants to implement redundancy to prevent single points of failure in the core network infrastructure. Which protocol should be used?
A) STP
B) OSPF
C) BGP
D) ARP
Answer: A
Explanation:
In enterprise network design, redundancy is a critical consideration to maintain uptime and prevent outages due to a single point of failure. When multiple switches are connected in a network, loops can inadvertently form. These loops can cause broadcast storms, multiple frame copies, and MAC table instability. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is specifically designed to prevent Layer 2 loops while allowing redundant paths to exist. By blocking redundant paths selectively, STP ensures network traffic flows through the most optimal path and automatically activates backup paths if a primary path fails. Option B) OSPF is a Layer 3 routing protocol that provides dynamic routing between networks but does not handle Layer 2 loop prevention. C) BGP is used for inter-domain routing and is not designed for intra-LAN redundancy. D) ARP translates IP addresses to MAC addresses and has no functionality for managing network loops or redundancy. Implementing STP provides several operational advantages. It detects redundant links and logically blocks one or more ports to eliminate loops while still keeping them ready for failover. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) is an evolution of STP that offers faster convergence in the event of topology changes, which is vital for networks requiring minimal downtime. VLANs and STP can work together, with each VLAN having its independent spanning tree, improving both redundancy and traffic management. Proper configuration of STP involves identifying root bridges, setting port priorities, and fine-tuning timers to balance convergence speed and network stability. Failure to implement STP in redundant networks often leads to catastrophic broadcast storms, impacting all devices connected to the network and causing intermittent outages. Therefore, for core network redundancy, STP is the protocol of choice, ensuring both reliability and stability without introducing broadcast issues.
Question 177
A company wants to implement network segmentation to improve security and reduce congestion. Which technology achieves this effectively?
A) VLAN
B) NAT
C) Subnet mask
D) DMZ
Answer: A
Explanation:
Network segmentation is a fundamental strategy in modern network design, used to improve both performance and security. By dividing a physical network into smaller logical networks, administrators can control traffic flow, limit broadcast domains, and isolate sensitive systems. Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) provide this capability by creating multiple, logically separated networks on the same physical infrastructure. Each VLAN acts as an independent broadcast domain, so broadcast traffic from one VLAN does not affect others, significantly reducing congestion. Option B) NAT (Network Address Translation) allows multiple devices to share a single public IP address but does not provide traffic isolation or security segmentation within the internal network. C) Subnetting divides an IP address range into smaller blocks and aids routing but does not physically or logically separate devices at Layer 2, limiting its effectiveness for congestion control or security. D) DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) is a network segment that isolates publicly accessible servers from internal networks but is not a general-purpose segmentation method for internal departments. Implementing VLANs offers both operational and security benefits. For example, sensitive HR, finance, and engineering departments can reside on separate VLANs, preventing accidental or malicious access between departments. VLANs also simplify network management by providing control over which devices can communicate directly, reducing unnecessary broadcast traffic and improving overall performance. VLAN tagging, using IEEE 802.1Q, allows traffic from multiple VLANs to traverse trunk links without losing segmentation. Combining VLANs with ACLs (Access Control Lists) further strengthens security by controlling which traffic can pass between segments. VLANs are also scalable and flexible, enabling organizations to adapt their network architecture as new departments, remote offices, or devices are added. By strategically implementing VLANs, network administrators can improve efficiency, enhance security, and maintain optimal network performance while supporting enterprise growth.
Question 178
A network engineer needs to ensure secure remote access for employees while encrypting all transmitted traffic. Which technology is the best choice?
A) VPN
B) FTP
C) HTTP
D) Telnet
Answer: A
Explanation:
Remote access has become a critical component of enterprise networking, enabling employees to connect to corporate resources securely from offsite locations. When transmitting sensitive information over public networks such as the Internet, encryption is essential to protect data confidentiality and integrity. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) creates a secure tunnel between the client device and the corporate network, encrypting all traffic and ensuring that even if intercepted, the data remains unreadable to unauthorized parties. VPNs support multiple protocols, including IPsec, SSL, and TLS, each providing robust encryption, authentication, and data integrity features. Option B) FTP transfers files without encryption, exposing credentials and data to interception. C) HTTP transmits web data in plain text, making it unsuitable for secure access. D) Telnet provides remote terminal access but also sends credentials and data unencrypted, posing serious security risks. Implementing VPNs also allows centralized authentication, typically through RADIUS or LDAP, ensuring only authorized users can access corporate resources. Advanced VPN configurations can include split tunneling, traffic shaping, and multi-factor authentication, enhancing both usability and security. VPNs can operate over various physical networks, including public Wi-Fi, home broadband, or cellular networks, providing seamless and secure connectivity. For organizations with hybrid workforces, VPNs not only protect sensitive corporate data but also allow compliance with regulatory requirements for encryption and data protection. Additionally, VPN monitoring tools enable administrators to audit sessions, detect anomalies, and quickly respond to potential security threats. In essence, VPNs balance convenience and security, making them the preferred solution for secure remote access in enterprise environments.
Question 179
A technician notices network devices reporting IP conflicts frequently. Which configuration mistake most likely causes this issue?
A) Static IP duplication
B) Switch misconfiguration
C) VLAN tagging errors
D) DNS server misconfiguration
Answer: A
Explanation:
IP address conflicts occur when two devices on the same network are assigned the same IP address, leading to communication failures and intermittent connectivity problems. One of the most common causes of IP conflicts is static IP duplication. When network administrators manually configure devices with static IP addresses, it is crucial to ensure that each address is unique within the same subnet. Failure to maintain this uniqueness can result in devices intermittently or permanently losing connectivity. Option B) switch misconfiguration might lead to network connectivity issues but does not inherently create IP address conflicts. C) VLAN tagging errors may prevent devices from communicating across VLANs but do not directly result in IP duplication. D) DNS server misconfiguration impacts name resolution but does not create IP conflicts. Effective network management involves documenting static IP allocations, using DHCP reservations where possible, and monitoring the network for duplicate assignments. DHCP servers can prevent conflicts by dynamically assigning addresses from a controlled pool while tracking lease times to ensure no two devices receive the same address. Some DHCP servers also support conflict detection mechanisms, pinging an IP before assignment to ensure it is not in use. IP conflicts can disrupt network services, affect VoIP calls, and interfere with applications relying on consistent addressing. In large networks, conflict tracking tools or network management systems can alert administrators immediately, allowing for rapid resolution. Proper planning and documentation of both static and dynamic IP allocations reduce the risk of conflicts, improving overall network reliability and minimizing troubleshooting overhead. By enforcing rigorous IP management policies, enterprises ensure seamless connectivity and maintain operational efficiency.
Question 180
A network administrator must prioritize certain traffic types to ensure voice and video performance remains unaffected during congestion. What should be implemented?
A) QoS
B) NAT
C) ACL
D) Proxy server
Answer: A
Explanation:
Quality of Service (QoS) is essential for managing network traffic in environments with latency-sensitive applications such as VoIP and video conferencing. Without QoS, all packets are treated equally, leading to potential delays, jitter, and packet loss for critical traffic during periods of congestion. QoS enables administrators to classify, mark, and prioritize traffic based on application type, source, destination, or protocol. For example, voice traffic can be assigned higher priority, ensuring packets are transmitted promptly even when the network is heavily utilized. Option B) NAT (Network Address Translation) translates IP addresses but does not manage traffic priority. C) ACLs (Access Control Lists) filter traffic for security or access purposes but do not optimize performance. D) Proxy servers handle requests on behalf of clients but cannot prioritize real-time traffic effectively. Implementing QoS involves setting traffic classes, applying DSCP markings, and configuring queuing and shaping mechanisms on routers and switches. Network engineers can also implement policies to limit bandwidth for non-critical applications while guaranteeing minimum bandwidth for voice and video. Monitoring tools can validate that QoS policies achieve desired results, adjusting thresholds or priorities based on network performance. In enterprise networks with converged traffic, QoS ensures high-quality user experiences for real-time applications, reduces retransmissions, and maintains SLA compliance. Effective QoS design considers end-to-end prioritization, including access switches, core routers, and WAN links, creating a comprehensive strategy that balances network efficiency, fairness, and application performance.
