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Question 1
You are designing a hybrid connectivity architecture for a global enterprise needing a secure and private path between its data centers and Google Cloud. The environment requires a 99.99 percent SLA, predictable low latency, and complete elimination of single points of failure. The company maintains two on-premises routers in different physical rooms and wants a private, dedicated circuit without internet involvement. Which Google Cloud connectivity option best satisfies these conditions?
A) Dedicated Interconnect using only a single physical connection
B) Dedicated Interconnect deployed with redundant connections in separate edge availability domains
C) HA VPN using IPsec tunnels over the public internet
D) Partner Interconnect with only one VLAN attachment
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct choice is B because Dedicated Interconnect deployed with redundant connections in separate edge availability domains is the only option guaranteed to meet all the scenario requirements: private connectivity, deterministic performance, and a 99.99 percent availability SLA. Google Cloud explicitly provides the 99.99 percent SLA only when customers deploy at least two interconnect connections distributed across independent edge availability domains. This architecture ensures that workloads remain reachable even if a fiber cut, router failure, colocation outage, or similar issue affects one of the interconnects. It also ensures the absence of single points of failure because traffic can automatically reroute using routing protocols like BGP, which continue advertising reachable networks even when a circuit becomes unavailable.
Option A fails because using a single Dedicated Interconnect connection introduces a clear single point of failure. Even though Dedicated Interconnect is the highest-performance connectivity model available, a single link cannot meet the strict SLA or redundancy standards the enterprise requires. Any outage on that link would immediately disrupt connectivity.
Option C is not appropriate because HA VPN relies on the public internet. This introduces inherent unpredictability in latency and jitter due to internet routing characteristics, and it does not provide guaranteed performance SLAs comparable to Dedicated Interconnect. Although HA VPN is highly available, it does not meet the requirement for private, non-internet connectivity.
Option D is insufficient because Partner Interconnect with one VLAN attachment still introduces a single point of failure. Even though the partner may provide some internal redundancy, Google Cloud does not offer the 99.99 percent SLA unless customers deploy multiple attachments to separate edge availability domains. Therefore, only option B completely satisfies the constraints listed.
Question 2
Your company plans to deploy a multi-region application using Google Cloud. You require global routing based on client proximity, automated failover between regions, support for Cloud CDN, termination of HTTPS traffic at the edge, and intelligent distribution of traffic among regional backend services. Which Google Cloud load balancer should be selected to meet all these requirements?
A) External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) TCP/UDP Network Load Balancer
D) SSL Proxy Load Balancer
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The correct selection is A because the External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is Google Cloud’s global, fully distributed, application-layer load balancer. It supports termination of HTTPS at Google’s edge points of presence, integrates with Cloud CDN automatically, performs URL-based routing when required, and provides global anycast capabilities that route clients to their closest healthy backend region. When designing multi-region architectures, the External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is the standard method for distributing web traffic across regions while maintaining the lowest possible latency and improving user experience through Google’s edge network.
Option B cannot meet requirements because the Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer is a regional-only product designed for internal, not internet-facing traffic. It does not support Cloud CDN and cannot route traffic globally. It only accepts connections from within the VPC network or VPC-connected environments.
Option C is also unsuitable because the TCP/UDP Network Load Balancer operates at layer 4 and lacks the application-layer logic required for HTTPS termination, CDN integration, and global routing intelligence. Although it can handle extremely high throughput with low latency, it is not designed for HTTP(S) workloads.
Option D is incorrect because the SSL Proxy Load Balancer supports global routing but operates at layer 4 for encrypted traffic and cannot direct traffic based on HTTP paths or content. It also does not support Cloud CDN integration. Since the scenario requires application-layer intelligence, global routing, CDN support, and HTTPS termination, only the External HTTP(S) Load Balancer satisfies all the requirements simultaneously.
Question 3
You must design a VPN solution between your organization’s primary data center and Google Cloud. The security policy requires redundant tunnels for failover, automatic rerouting of traffic when a tunnel goes down, and dynamic route advertisement to allow seamless adaptation to path changes. Which Google Cloud VPN model best fits these requirements?
A) Classic VPN with static routing
B) Classic VPN with dynamic routing
C) HA VPN combined with Cloud Router using BGP
D) HA VPN using only static routes
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because HA VPN combined with Cloud Router and BGP provides the strongest combination of redundancy, resilience, high availability, and dynamic routing. HA VPN automatically creates two tunnels per gateway interface, enabling resilience against tunnel failures. When paired with Cloud Router running BGP, route changes propagate dynamically and automatically. This ensures that the connection can fail over with minimal disruption, and routing tables always remain up to date across both environments.
Option A is incorrect because Classic VPN with static routing provides no dynamic adjustment to path changes. If a tunnel goes down, manual intervention or automation scripts are required to adjust routes, which violates the requirement for automatic rerouting.
Option B, although it allows dynamic routing, is still Classic VPN and does not provide the same level of redundancy as HA VPN. Classic VPN does not create redundant tunnels per gateway by default. Therefore, it fails the requirement for high availability and seamless failover.
Option D is incorrect because static routes undermine the purpose of HA VPN. While the underlying tunnels may be redundant, static routes cannot automatically adapt to changes in tunnel availability. If a tunnel goes down, the static route might still point to the unavailable tunnel, causing traffic blackholing or delays. Therefore, the only configuration that meets all requirements is HA VPN with Cloud Router using BGP, which fully supports dynamic routing and failover.
Question 4
Your organization is migrating a multi-tier application to Google Cloud and wants private communication between Compute Engine VM instances and backend services across multiple regions. Your security policy requires that this communication avoid the public internet entirely, use Google’s private backbone, and allow resources in different regions to communicate through internal load balancing. Which Google Cloud approach satisfies these requirements?
A) External HTTP(S) Load Balancer with private backends
B) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer configured in multiple regions
C) Cloud VPN with shared VPC
D) VPC Peering combined with global internal addresses
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct option is B because the Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer supports global access and allows private connectivity across regions within a single VPC network. It uses Google’s private backbone network and supports cross-region internal load balancing. This means backend services located in different Google Cloud regions can be reached privately without exposing any traffic to the public internet. It is specifically designed for private service-to-service communication for internal workloads in multi-region architectures.
Option A is incorrect because the External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is intended for internet-facing workloads and does not exclusively use the private backbone for all traffic. It can have private backends, but the front end is internet-facing, violating the requirement for traffic to avoid the public internet entirely.
Option C is insufficient because Cloud VPN provides a hybrid connectivity path but does not inherently provide multi-region internal load balancing inside Google Cloud. It also does not alone ensure that traffic remains on Google’s private backbone when operating between internal Google Cloud services.
Option D, VPC Peering with global internal addresses, allows private connectivity between VPCs but does not offer load balancing capabilities and is limited in scenarios requiring traffic distribution, health checks, or controlled balancing logic. It also does not provide an integrated method for multi-region internal traffic distribution. Therefore, Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer is the only option that meets every requirement.
Question 5
You need to establish connectivity between two Google Cloud VPC networks belonging to separate business units. Both units require full bidirectional communication yet want to preserve independent IAM policies and avoid merging administrative domains. You also need low-latency private connectivity over Google’s internal backbone without transitive routing. Which connectivity method best fits these requirements?
A) Shared VPC
B) VPC Peering
C) Cloud VPN
D) Cloud Interconnect
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because VPC Peering is intended for private, low-latency connectivity between two VPC networks while maintaining administrative independence. VPC Peering provides flat network connectivity where internal IP addresses can communicate directly over Google’s private backbone. It also enforces non-transitive routing, which means traffic cannot hop through one VPC to reach another. This aligns exactly with the requirements listed: independent administrations, no merging of IAM policies, and private connectivity.
Option A is inappropriate because Shared VPC merges administrative control over network resources into a single host project. This violates the requirement to keep separate administrative domains and maintain business unit isolation.
Option C using Cloud VPN is possible but does not provide the same low-latency, backbone-based connectivity as VPC Peering. VPN introduces encryption overhead and latency variation because it is designed more for hybrid environments rather than internal Google Cloud VPC-to-VPC connectivity.
Option D is incorrect because Cloud Interconnect is intended for hybrid connectivity between on-premises and Google Cloud—not for connecting two Google Cloud VPCs. Interconnect does not function for cloud-internal VPC-to-VPC routing. Thus, VPC Peering is the only suitable method that meets all requirements.
Question 6
You are designing a multi-region Google Cloud deployment using Cloud Router and dynamic routing. Your company uses multiple on-premises data centers connected through HA VPN, and you require automatic route exchange between Google Cloud and your on-premise environment. You want to ensure that routes are learned dynamically, failover is seamless, and routing tables remain consistent even when network paths change. Which Cloud Router routing mode must you configure to ensure routes propagate across all VPC subnets and regions within the same VPC environment?
A) Regional dynamic routing
B) Custom static routing
C) Global dynamic routing
D) Manual BGP session advertisement
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Cloud Router’s global dynamic routing mode allows BGP-learned routes to propagate beyond a single region, making them available across all subnets and regions in the same VPC. This capability ensures consistent routing state across distributed workloads and aligns with the scenario’s requirement for dynamic exchange between on-premises networks and multiple Google Cloud regions. When deployed with HA VPN, this configuration supports seamless failover because any changes learned from BGP sessions are automatically propagated to all necessary environments. This promotes robust hybrid connectivity without requiring manual updates.
Option A is incorrect because regional dynamic routing restricts learned routes to the region where the Cloud Router resides. If the environment spans multiple regions, this becomes a limitation because routes learned from on-premises networks will not automatically propagate to other regions unless additional Cloud Routers are deployed. This increases complexity and contradicts the requirement for global propagation.
Option B is not appropriate because custom static routing does not support dynamic learning or propagation of routes. Static routes require manual configuration and do not adapt when a link fails or topology changes. This directly violates the requirement for seamless adaptation to routing changes.
Option D is incorrect because manual BGP session advertisement suggests configuring BGP routes manually, which eliminates the benefits of dynamic routing. Although BGP sessions exist, manually managing route advertisements defeats the automated failover and propagation capabilities required in the scenario. Therefore, the correct solution is global dynamic routing mode for Cloud Router.
Question 7
Your company needs a secure way to expose an internal API to partner organizations while ensuring the API is not directly accessible from the internet. Your team wants to use Google Cloud infrastructure so that external partners can privately access the API using their existing private network routes. The solution must rely on Google’s private backbone and avoid public endpoints while supporting controlled access. Which approach best meets these requirements?
A) External HTTP(S) Load Balancer configured with private backends
B) Private Service Connect endpoint for consumer VPCs
C) Publishing the service through Cloud VPN
D) Using Cloud NAT to expose internal IPs securely
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Private Service Connect (PSC) allows service producers to expose internal services privately to consumer VPCs without exposing them to the public internet. PSC uses Google’s private network to handle traffic, enabling service consumers to access the published service through private endpoints. This aligns perfectly with the requirement to provide private, controlled access to partners while avoiding public exposure and ensuring traffic stays on Google’s secure backbone.
Option A is incorrect because External HTTP(S) Load Balancer, even if configured with private backends, still uses a public facing front end, meaning it exposes an external IP address. This violates the requirement to avoid internet accessibility.
Option C is insufficient because Cloud VPN provides private connectivity between networks, but publishing a service through VPN requires centralized route management and may allow broader access than intended. It also does not provide the fine-grained, service-level isolation PSC offers nor the simple consumer endpoint creation PSC supports.
Option D is incorrect because Cloud NAT is designed for outbound traffic from private VMs, not for securely exposing internal services. Cloud NAT cannot be used to publish an API or provide inbound connectivity from partners. It only manages egress traffic and cannot satisfy the requirement for private inbound access. PSC is purpose-built for securely exposing internal services to external consumers without involving the public internet.
Question 8
Your organization relies on a third-party carrier-neutral facility for connectivity and wants to connect multiple geographically distributed offices to Google Cloud using the carrier’s network. You require predictable latency, scalable bandwidth, and an SLA better than what the public internet can offer, but you want to avoid managing hardware inside Google’s colocation facilities. Which connectivity method best aligns with these requirements?
A) Dedicated Interconnect
B) Partner Interconnect
C) HA VPN
D) Direct Peering
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Partner Interconnect allows organizations to leverage connectivity provided by supported service providers without deploying their own equipment in Google’s colocation facilities. It supports scalable bandwidth options and achieves SLAs higher than VPN-based connections. This model is ideal when you want private, high-performance connectivity but prefer to rely on a partner who already maintains the physical presence in Google’s colocation facilities.
Option A is incorrect because Dedicated Interconnect requires you to install and manage your own physical networking hardware at Google’s interconnect locations. The scenario explicitly states that the organization wants to avoid this responsibility.
Option C, HA VPN, is not appropriate because it uses the public internet. Although HA VPN provides high availability and redundancy, it cannot deliver the deterministic latency or SLA characteristics that the scenario requires. It also cannot match the bandwidth capabilities of Partner Interconnect.
Option D, Direct Peering, provides a public connection to Google services rather than private VPC-level connectivity. It cannot connect your private networks directly into VPC subnets and does not satisfy the requirements for private, SLA-backed hybrid connectivity. Therefore, Partner Interconnect is the correct option that fits all stated conditions.
Question 9
A team within your organization wants to centralize internet egress to a single region for cost control and logging visibility. They want all VM instances across multiple VPC subnets to use a shared NAT configuration while ensuring instances remain unreachable from the internet. The solution must scale automatically based on traffic. Which Google Cloud feature best supports this design?
A) Manual NAT gateway running on Compute Engine
B) Cloud NAT
C) VPC Peering with a shared gateway
D) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Cloud NAT is Google Cloud’s fully managed network address translation service designed specifically for outbound-only connectivity. It ensures VMs without external IPs can reach the internet while remaining unreachable from the internet. Cloud NAT is scalable, requires no maintenance, and supports centralized outbound routing. It automatically adapts based on traffic without requiring manual intervention.
Option A is incorrect because manually deploying a NAT instance using Compute Engine requires maintenance, scaling, patching, and redundancy planning. This contradicts the requirement for automatic scaling and managed operation.
Option C does not work for this scenario because VPC Peering does not share NAT gateways or allow centralized NAT across peered VPCs. Each VPC must manage its own NAT configuration. VPC Peering merely enables private IP communication, not shared gateway features.
Option D is also not appropriate because the Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer is designed for internal traffic between services inside Google Cloud and cannot be used as a NAT device. It provides no outbound internet translation capabilities. Thus, Cloud NAT is the only solution meeting all the requirements for centralized, scalable, outbound-only connectivity.
Question 10
You are tasked with securing communication between services running on Compute Engine and services hosted on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). Your architecture must use identity-based authorization instead of IP-based controls, and it must support encrypted communication within the VPC while simplifying service-to-service authentication. Which Google Cloud solution best addresses these needs?
A) Firewall rules based on IP ranges
B) VPC Service Controls
C) Identity-Aware Proxy for TCP
D) mTLS-based authentication with Traffic Director and service mesh
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The correct answer is D because using a service mesh with Traffic Director enables mutual TLS authentication, identity-based service authorization, and encrypted traffic between workloads. Service meshes like Anthos Service Mesh provide workload identity management that goes beyond IP-based access control. This fits the requirement for identity-based authorization and secure intra-VPC communication while simplifying authentication mechanisms across distributed microservices architectures.
Option A is incorrect because firewall rules based on IP ranges cannot provide identity-based authorization. They control traffic only at the network level and do not support workload identities or mTLS authentication.
Option B, VPC Service Controls, is used to prevent data exfiltration and secure access to Google-managed services but does not solve service-to-service identity-based authentication between Compute Engine and GKE workloads.
Option C, Identity-Aware Proxy for TCP, is useful for securing user access to internal applications, not for managing service-to-service authentication between internal workloads. It focuses on user identity, not workload identity, and does not support mTLS between services.
A service mesh using Traffic Director is the only solution that supports workload identity, mTLS encryption, and automated certificate rotation while providing advanced traffic policies across GKE and Compute Engine environments.
Question 11
Your company operates a multinational e-commerce platform spanning GKE clusters across multiple regions. Services include inventory tracking, pricing engines, recommendation systems, checkout pipelines, fraud detection, and customer analytics. The platform needs encrypted service-to-service communication, strong workload identity authorization, deep traffic-level observability, latency tracing across microservices, and advanced traffic management such as retries, failover routing, circuit breaking, and canary deployments — all without modifying application code. Which Google Cloud solution meets these requirements?
A) Cloud NAT
B) Anthos Service Mesh
C) Internal TCP Load Balancer
D) Cloud VPN
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Anthos Service Mesh is the correct answer because it is designed to deliver production-grade microservice security, observability, and traffic management without requiring developers to modify or instrument application code. E-commerce platforms depend on dozens, sometimes hundreds, of interconnected microservices running on GKE. These services handle responsibilities such as product catalog lookups, checkout flow authorization, pricing calculations, warehouse inventory updates, user profile fetching, recommendation model inference, and fraud detection triggers. Ensuring consistent security, reliability, and performance across this sprawling service topology is challenging without a service mesh.
One of the primary requirements stated in the question is encrypted service-to-service communication. Anthos Service Mesh provides automatic mTLS for all microservice traffic through its Envoy sidecar proxies. This ensures that all internal communication remains encrypted and authenticated. Unlike manual TLS deployments, Anthos handles certificate rotation, issuance, revocation, and enforcement automatically, removing operational overhead and reducing the risk of misconfigurations.
Workload identity authorization is equally vital. Since e-commerce platforms involve financial transactions, identity verification, and sensitive user data, services must not communicate arbitrarily. Anthos Service Mesh allows identity-based authorization through Kubernetes service accounts. This ensures that only explicitly allowed microservices can communicate with sensitive components, such as payment processors or fraud-detection systems. This identity-binding approach is resilient even when IPs change due to autoscaling or pod replacements.
Traffic observability is another critical requirement. Anthos provides deep insights into service communication patterns, including request counts, success rates, failure distributions, latency percentiles, and detailed dependency graphs. With e-commerce systems generating massive and unpredictable traffic fluctuations — especially during peak events like Black Friday or holiday sales — this observability helps teams quickly identify and troubleshoot performance issues.
Distributed tracing is essential for understanding multi-hop request flows. A single user click often triggers dozens of microservices working together. When a part of the system slows down, developers need visibility into each hop to find bottlenecks. Anthos Service Mesh integrates with tracing backends to gather spans, latency metrics, and detailed call graphs automatically.
Anthos also supports powerful traffic management policies. E-commerce companies often deploy new versions of checkout logic, recommendation algorithms, or fraud scoring models. Weighted routing allows a small percentage of traffic to flow to new versions, enabling safe canary releases. Retries are critical when certain downstream services briefly fail due to surge in demand. Timeouts prevent cascading failures. Circuit breaking isolates failing services to prevent platform-wide outages.
The incorrect options lack these capabilities. Cloud NAT only assists with outbound connectivity to the internet. Internal TCP Load Balancer provides simple L4 load balancing but no mesh features. Cloud VPN connects on-prem environments but does not manage microservice traffic inside clusters.
Therefore, Anthos Service Mesh is the only solution that satisfies all requirements posed in the question.
Question 12
An enterprise cybersecurity and digital forensics agency uses BigQuery and Cloud Storage to store threat intelligence, malware samples, encrypted log archives, and classified communication metadata. They must enforce a strict security boundary so that API requests to these services only originate from approved VPC networks or on-prem facilities connected through Dedicated Interconnect. Even if IAM credentials are stolen, access from outside the perimeter must be blocked. They must also prevent cross-project data exfiltration. Which Google Cloud feature should be implemented?
A) IAM Conditions
B) Cloud Armor
C) VPC Service Controls
D) Private Google Access
Answer:
C
Explanation:
VPC Service Controls is the correct answer because it provides network-perimeter-based protection for Google-managed services such as BigQuery and Cloud Storage, ensuring strong defense against credential theft and unauthorized data exfiltration. In cybersecurity and digital forensics, data sensitivity is extremely high. Malware samples, threat actor indicators, communication intercept metadata, and forensic logs cannot be exposed to external networks. Relying solely on IAM is insufficient because attackers can steal credentials. VPC Service Controls addresses this by enforcing access boundaries at the network level.
The core functionality of VPC Service Controls lies in establishing service perimeters. These perimeters define which networks and environments are allowed to initiate API calls to protected Google Cloud services. Even if a malicious individual obtains legitimate IAM keys, they will not be able to access BigQuery or Cloud Storage unless their request originates from an approved network inside the boundary. This effectively eliminates the attack surface associated with compromised credentials used from external environments.
Another essential capability is cross-project data exfiltration control. Forensic workloads involve petabytes of sensitive data that analysts manipulate during investigations. Without perimeter controls, a legitimate user could accidentally or maliciously copy a sensitive dataset to an external project or an untrusted Cloud Storage bucket. VPC Service Controls ensures that both the source and destination resources remain inside the same perimeter, mitigating exfiltration risks.
IAM Conditions provide contextual access controls but cannot restrict data movement across projects or block access from unauthorized networks. Cloud Armor focuses on HTTP(S) request filtering and is not applicable to BigQuery or Cloud Storage APIs. Private Google Access allows private VMs to reach public Google APIs but does not enforce security perimeters or exfiltration controls.
Because VPC Service Controls both limits API access to trusted environments and prevents data from leaving the boundary, it is the only solution that fulfills all requirements.
Question 13
A multinational robotics and manufacturing company manages hundreds of VPC networks across different regions supporting OT control systems, IoT sensors, robotics clusters, ERP systems, and predictive maintenance pipelines. They require a global hub-and-spoke hybrid networking model, dynamic BGP propagation, segmentation between business units, prevention of transitive routing, and a unified global topology view. Adding new VPCs or new factories should require minimal manual configuration. Which Google Cloud service should they choose?
A) VPC Peering
B) Cloud Router
C) Shared VPC
D) Network Connectivity Center
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Network Connectivity Center (NCC) is the correct answer because it offers centralized, scalable hybrid network orchestration, making it ideal for enterprises with hundreds of VPC networks distributed across global manufacturing and robotics facilities. Industrial environments have diverse workloads such as robotic assembly controllers, operational technology networks, IoT telemetry systems, digital twin simulation clusters, and cloud-based analytics engines. These workloads are often split across many VPCs for isolation, regulatory compliance, and operational autonomy.
NCC allows organizations to build a hub-and-spoke architecture where each VPC or on-prem environment acts as a spoke connecting to a central hub. This avoids the exponential complexity associated with VPC Peering, where full-mesh connectivity becomes hard to maintain and risks unintended transitive routing. NCC automatically ensures clean segmentation between business units, such as separating manufacturing OT networks from corporate IT and R&D environments.
Dynamic BGP propagation, enabled through Cloud Router integration, allows routing information to update automatically when new environments come online. When a new factory or VPC is added, it becomes a new spoke connected to the central hub, and routing updates propagate without manual configuration across hundreds of networks.
The unified topology dashboard offered by NCC is especially valuable. Network engineers gain real-time visibility into all hybrid connectivity links, tunnels, Interconnect attachments, route propagation behaviors, and potential failure points. This global view greatly simplifies troubleshooting in complex industrial network environments.
Shared VPC centralizes IAM and resource access but does not manage hybrid routing at global scale. Cloud Router provides BGP but lacks topology orchestration. VPC Peering does not scale with hundreds of VPCs and can create routing complications.
NCC is the only solution that satisfies all requirements for scalability, hybrid routing, segmentation, and ease of expansion.
Question 14
A worldwide video-streaming, conferencing, and interactive media company requires a load balancer that provides a single anycast IP, terminates TLS at the edge, routes users to the nearest available backend, supports global health checks, performs automatic failover between regions, supports HTTP/2 and QUIC, and uses Google’s private backbone for lowest latency. Which load balancer fulfills these requirements?
A) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
C) Premium Tier Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D) TCP Proxy Load Balancer
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The Premium Tier Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is the correct answer because it provides the complete set of features necessary for real-time streaming and interactive media workloads across the globe. Video streaming, conferencing, and media synchronization systems rely on extremely low latency, efficient transport protocols, and global failover to deliver consistent user experiences.
One major requirement is the use of a single anycast IP. This simplifies client endpoints and ensures that users worldwide are routed to their nearest Google edge location. This drastically reduces round-trip latency and speeds up content delivery. TLS termination at Google’s edge minimizes handshake overhead and frees backend servers from cryptographic duties, allowing them to focus on video encoding, transcoding, and session management.
Global health checks monitor all backend regions. If a region becomes unstable, overloaded, or fails entirely, the load balancer automatically shifts user traffic to the next closest region without requiring DNS changes. This is critical for global media distribution platforms.
HTTP/2 support improves efficiency by enabling multiplexing, reducing head-of-line blocking, and lowering protocol overhead. QUIC further enhances performance in high-latency or lossy network conditions, accelerating start-up times and reducing jitter in video streams and conferencing sessions.
Routing via Google’s private backbone ensures a consistent, high-performance path between edge locations and backend servers, minimizing interruptions during peak traffic periods.
The other options are limited: the Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer cannot perform global routing or failover. Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer is used for private traffic only. TCP Proxy Load Balancer does not support QUIC or full L7 routing.
Therefore, the Premium Tier Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is the only viable solution.
Question 15
A multinational financial services company requires private hybrid connectivity between on-prem trading systems and Google Cloud. The connection must not traverse the public internet, must support bandwidth up to 100 Gbps, require redundant physical paths with SLA guarantees, and use dynamic BGP failover for high availability. Which connectivity option satisfies these requirements?
A) Cloud VPN
B) Dedicated Interconnect
C) Cloud VPN with static routes
D) Partner Interconnect (single VLAN)
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Dedicated Interconnect is the correct answer because it offers private, high-capacity, SLA-backed connectivity between on-prem data centers and Google Cloud, making it ideal for financial services environments where low latency and reliability are essential. Financial workloads include trading algorithms, risk analysis models, liquidity tracking systems, regulatory reporting pipelines, and payment settlement mechanisms. All of these functions require predictable, secure connectivity.
Dedicated Interconnect provides physical 10 Gbps and 100 Gbps circuits that do not traverse the public internet. This offers a stable, consistent latency profile that is necessary for real-time trading systems. Redundant physical circuits ensure continuous operation even if one fiber path fails, and these redundancies are backed by Google’s SLAs, addressing the high availability requirements of global finance.
Dynamic BGP routing enables automatic failover between circuits. If one link experiences degradation or outages, BGP redirects traffic to the backup link without manual intervention, maintaining uninterrupted trading operations. Additionally, Dedicated Interconnect supports combining multiple circuits for higher throughput, which may be required for large-scale batch risk calculations or reporting cycles.
Cloud VPN relies on the public internet, making it unsuitable for high-performance financial operations. Static-route VPN lacks automatic failover. Partner Interconnect with a single VLAN lacks redundancy and SLA-level guarantees.
Thus, Dedicated Interconnect is the only option that satisfies security, bandwidth, availability, and compliance requirements.
Question 16
Your organization runs numerous mission-critical services across multiple Google Cloud regions, including payment authorization APIs, fraud scoring engines, customer-identity services, and regulatory-compliance auditing pipelines. These services must communicate securely with encrypted service-to-service communication, support strict workload-identity authorization, produce detailed distributed tracing, and provide granular traffic management including retries, timeouts, canary rollouts, and circuit breaking — all without modifying application source code. Which Google Cloud solution meets these requirements?
A) Cloud NAT
B) Cloud VPN
C) Anthos Service Mesh
D) Global Internal Load Balancer
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Anthos Service Mesh is the correct answer because it provides a complete, production-grade service mesh with security, observability, and advanced traffic control capabilities, all without requiring modification to application code. In mission-critical financial environments handling payment processing, fraud detection, and compliance auditing, the reliability and security of inter-service communication is absolutely essential. Anthos Service Mesh, built on Istio, delivers the functionality that such architectures depend on.
The first major requirement is encrypted service-to-service communication. Anthos Service Mesh automatically enforces mTLS using Envoy sidecar proxies. These proxies handle the certificate issuance, rotation, and validation needed to maintain secured traffic between microservices. This is extremely important in financial systems where sensitive data such as customer identity, fraud scores, and authorization tokens must never be transmitted in plaintext. Without a mesh, engineering teams would have to embed custom TLS logic directly in application code, causing complexity and introducing risk.
Workload identity authorization is another reason Anthos is the correct solution. Anthos binds identity to Kubernetes service accounts, turning them into strong identity anchors. This ensures that only authorized microservices may call sensitive components. For example, an internal reporting service should not be able to call a payment authorization API. The workload identity model also remains consistent even as pods scale, reschedule, or undergo rolling updates. This identity-driven zero-trust architecture is crucial for minimizing lateral movement risk.
Distributed tracing is equally vital. A payment authorization request might traverse ten or more microservices: identity validation, risk assessment, fraud scoring, rules engines, transaction authorization, and logging. If a single service in this chain experiences latency issues, the entire workflow slows down. Anthos automatically captures trace spans for each service hop without requiring developers to manually insert tracing instrumentation. These traces help operations teams detect which service is creating bottlenecks, reducing time-to-resolution and improving performance predictability.
Anthos Service Mesh provides key traffic management features. Retries allow microservices to recover gracefully from transient failures. Timeouts prevent stalled calls from blocking upstream services. Circuit breaking protects critical backend systems from being overwhelmed during traffic surges. Weighted routing enables safe canary deployments where new versions of services receive a small percentage of requests. This is important when rolling out updates to fraud scoring engines or compliance logic, which must be validated with real traffic before full deployment.
None of the other options meet these requirements. Cloud NAT only assists with outbound internet access. Cloud VPN handles hybrid connectivity but cannot manage in-cluster microservice communication. Global Internal Load Balancer is an L7/L4 load balancer for internal traffic but lacks service-to-service encryption, identity-based authorization, and tracing.
Anthos Service Mesh is the only integrated solution that meets every requirement in the question.
Question 17
A government national-security analytics bureau stores extremely sensitive datasets in BigQuery and Cloud Storage, including encrypted communications records, threat-intelligence correlation graphs, and classified behavioral models. They must enforce that API access occurs only from approved secure VPC networks or on-prem facilities using Dedicated Interconnect. Even if attackers steal IAM keys, they must not be able to access data from outside the perimeter. Cross-project data exfiltration must also be strictly blocked. Which Google Cloud feature satisfies these requirements?
A) IAM Conditions
B) Private Google Access
C) VPC Service Controls
D) Cloud Armor
Answer:
C
Explanation:
VPC Service Controls is the correct answer because it enforces a hardened service perimeter around critical Google Cloud services, providing network-based protection that IAM alone cannot achieve. National-security agencies handle some of the most sensitive datasets imaginable, including intelligence communications, threat actor profiles, interagency correlation models, and cryptographic analysis logs. Exposure of any of this information could cause severe national security risks. Therefore, perimeter-based protection is essential.
VPC Service Controls establishes perimeters around services such as BigQuery, Cloud Storage, Pub/Sub, and other managed Google APIs. These perimeters specify which networks — including VPC networks and on-prem networks connected by Dedicated Interconnect — are allowed to make API requests. Any request originating from outside these networks is denied before IAM processing begins. This protects the organization from credential-theft scenarios, where attackers might steal API keys or service account tokens. With VPC Service Controls, even stolen credentials are useless outside the perimeter.
The second major requirement in the question is preventing cross-project data exfiltration. Without strong controls, analysts or compromised accounts could accidentally copy sensitive datasets to unauthorized projects or storage buckets. VPC Service Controls enforces rules ensuring that both the source and destination of data operations are within the same secure perimeter. This prevents unauthorized egress paths while still allowing legitimate internal movement.
IAM Conditions do provide attribute-based access policies but cannot block requests from unauthorized networks or enforce data-movement restrictions. Private Google Access only allows private VMs to reach Google APIs, but does not restrict API access from external networks. Cloud Armor provides HTTP(S) request-level filtering for web applications but is unrelated to BigQuery or Cloud Storage APIs.
VPC Service Controls is therefore the only solution that meets both perimeter enforcement and exfiltration-prevention requirements.
Question 18
A multinational automotive manufacturer operates more than 180 VPC networks across R&D centers, factories, robotics clusters, autonomous driving simulation platforms, ERP systems, and IoT telematics ingestion pipelines. The company requires a scalable global hub-and-spoke hybrid connectivity model, dynamic BGP route propagation, segmentation between different departments, prevention of transitive routing, and centralized topology visibility. New VPCs or factories must be integrated with minimal manual routing changes. Which Google Cloud service should they adopt?
A) Shared VPC
B) Cloud Router
C) Network Connectivity Center
D) VPC Peering
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Network Connectivity Center (NCC) is the correct answer because it provides scalable hybrid networking orchestration for environments with large numbers of VPC networks and on-prem connectivity endpoints. Automotive manufacturing is highly distributed. R&D teams operate simulation-intensive workloads. Factories run robotics clusters and IoT-driven quality control. Autonomous vehicle teams require massive telematics ingestion and model-testing infrastructure. Each of these environments often uses its own VPC for isolation and autonomy.
As the number of VPCs grows, traditional VPC Peering becomes unmanageable. A full mesh of peerings grows exponentially and introduces security and operational challenges, including the risk of unintended transitive routing. NCC solves this by adopting a hub-and-spoke architecture. Each VPC or on-prem site becomes a spoke connected to a central connectivity hub. This eliminates the complexity and potential pitfalls of mesh architectures.
NCC integrates with Cloud Router, enabling dynamic BGP route propagation. This means whenever a new VPC or on-prem location is added, routing updates propagate automatically without requiring manual updates across hundreds of networks. This saves significant engineering effort and reduces the risk of misconfigurations.
Segmentation is another crucial requirement. NCC allows organizations to enforce which spokes can communicate with each other, supporting separation between teams such as R&D, OT networks, corporate systems, and autonomous driving clusters. Preventing transitive routing ensures that unrelated business units cannot accidentally communicate.
The centralized topology dashboard in NCC provides network engineers with visibility into tunnels, Interconnect attachments, routers, prefix propagation, and hybrid connectivity health. This is extremely valuable for troubleshooting, particularly when diagnosing latency issues in robotic control systems or telematics ingestion pipelines.
Shared VPC is useful for centralized IAM policy control but does not solve hybrid routing complexity. Cloud Router provides dynamic routing but not full hybrid topology management. VPC Peering scales poorly at the scale described.
NCC is the only solution meeting all requirements.
Question 19
A global content-distribution provider requires a load balancer offering a single global anycast IP, TLS termination at Google’s edge, routing clients to the nearest healthy backend, global health checks, automatic failover between regions, support for HTTP/2 and QUIC, and traffic delivered through Google’s private backbone. Which load balancer meets these requirements?
A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) TCP Proxy Load Balancer
C) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D) Premium Tier Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The Premium Tier Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is the correct choice because it provides all necessary features for global content distribution and low-latency service delivery. Content distribution platforms depend on fast startup times, low latency, efficient protocol support, and reliable global failover.
The single anycast IP allows users around the world to connect to the nearest Google edge node. This reduces latency and improves performance for streaming, real-time updates, and interactive workloads. TLS termination at the edge reduces handshake time and offloads cryptographic work from backend servers.
Global health checks allow the load balancer to continuously evaluate backend regions. If a region becomes unhealthy due to network congestion or maintenance, traffic is automatically routed to the next closest region. This ensures uninterrupted service during regional failures.
HTTP/2 and QUIC support are essential for modern content delivery. HTTP/2 reduces overhead by multiplexing streams, while QUIC reduces handshake time and improves resilience against packet loss, particularly in mobile environments or weak network conditions.
Delivering traffic through Google’s global private backbone ensures highly consistent performance, avoiding public internet routing variability.
Regional load balancers cannot provide global routing or global failover. TCP Proxy Load Balancer is L4 and does not support QUIC. Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer is for internal VPC-only routing.
Thus, the Premium Tier Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is the correct and only viable option for the requirements listed.
Question 20
A financial derivatives trading firm requires private hybrid connectivity between on-prem trading systems and Google Cloud with no internet exposure, up to 100 Gbps throughput, redundant physical circuits backed by SLAs, and dynamic BGP routing for seamless failover. Which connectivity option should they select?
A) Partner Interconnect (single VLAN)
B) Cloud VPN
C) Dedicated Interconnect
D) Cloud VPN with static routing
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Dedicated Interconnect is the correct answer because it provides private, high-bandwidth, SLA-backed connectivity that meets the stringent latency and reliability demands of financial trading environments. Trading firms operate under strict latency requirements; milliseconds of delay can impact trade execution and financial outcomes.
Dedicated Interconnect offers private physical connections of 10 Gbps and 100 Gbps, and organizations can combine multiple circuits for higher throughput. The private nature of the connection ensures that traffic never traverses the public internet, significantly reducing latency and eliminating exposure to internet-based threats. This is vital for firms executing high-volume algorithmic trading, settlement operations, and real-time risk calculation.
Redundant physical circuits provide failover protection and ensure continuous availability. Google backs these connections with SLAs, a requirement in regulated financial environments where connectivity guarantees are essential. Dynamic BGP routing ensures that if a primary circuit becomes unavailable, traffic reroutes automatically to backup circuits.
Partner Interconnect with a single VLAN does not provide redundancy or SLAs. Cloud VPN solutions rely on public internet paths, introducing unpredictable latency and insufficient throughput. Static-route VPN lacks automatic failover.
Therefore, Dedicated Interconnect is the only solution that satisfies performance, security, and reliability needs for trading workloads.
