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Question 61
Your enterprise operates a complex multi-region architecture consisting of GKE clusters, VM-based services, and internal APIs. You want to implement secure, identity-aware communication between all workloads, regardless of whether they run on GKE or Compute Engine. The system must use mutual TLS, automatically rotate certificates, enforce fine-grained authorization, and apply traffic policies such as retries, circuit breaking, and canary rollouts. The architecture must require zero changes to application code and centralize observability for every service call. Which Google Cloud solution best meets these requirements?
A) VPC firewall rules combined with IAM policies
B) Anthos Service Mesh with managed control plane
C) Private Service Connect endpoints
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Anthos Service Mesh with a managed control plane directly addresses the need for secure, identity-aware, policy-driven communication across heterogeneous workloads. Anthos Service Mesh provides mutual TLS between workloads, regardless of whether they run on GKE or Compute Engine, and ensures that identities are based on service accounts rather than network attributes. This aligns with zero-trust architecture principles, where identity and context matter more than IP addresses.
A key advantage of Anthos Service Mesh is that it requires zero changes to application code. Applications do not have to implement their own TLS stack, identity verification, or traffic control logic. Instead, Envoy sidecar proxies enforce these capabilities on behalf of applications, enabling encryption, authentication, authorization, traffic shaping, and telemetry to be implemented uniformly across services. These traffic policies include retries, timeouts, circuit breaking, outlier detection, and advanced rollout strategies such as gradual traffic shifting for canary deployments.
Another major benefit is centralized observability. Anthos Service Mesh automatically collects service-level telemetry, including request latencies, error rates, traffic volumes, and security metrics. This data feeds into service dashboards and SLO monitoring systems, enabling platform teams to track service health and performance consistently across multiple clusters and regions. This level of visibility is crucial for diagnosing issues in large distributed systems.
Option A, VPC firewall rules combined with IAM, cannot deliver the application-layer identities or enforce mutual TLS at the workload level. Firewalls operate at L3/L4 and cannot provide request-level controls or policy-driven routing. IAM grants identity permissions but does not enforce encryption or manage workload certificates autonomously.
Option C, Private Service Connect, is ideal for private service publishing across VPCs but does not provide identity-aware routing or fine-grained service-level authorization. PSC connects consumers to producers at the service boundary but does not establish service mesh-level policies inside a distributed microservices architecture.
Option D, Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer, handles L4 routing inside a VPC. It does not provide workload identity, mTLS, or traffic management capabilities needed for microservice-to-microservice communications.
Anthos Service Mesh with a managed control plane is the only solution that fully meets the enterprise’s need for secure, identity-aware, traffic-controlled service communication at scale.
Question 62
A healthcare analytics platform processes sensitive patient data across several Google Cloud projects. The organization requires strict control so that access to managed services like BigQuery and Cloud Storage is only permitted from approved VPC networks. The platform must ensure that even if an IAM identity is compromised, data cannot be accessed from the public internet or from unauthorized networks. The system must also support multi-project deployments and centralized perimeter policies. Which Google Cloud technology best enforces this level of data protection?
A) IAM Conditions with source IP restrictions
B) Private Google Access
C) VPC Service Controls
D) Cloud Armor policies
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because VPC Service Controls provide the strongest mechanism for preventing data exfiltration from Google-managed services. VPC Service Controls build a security perimeter around resources such as BigQuery, Cloud Storage, Pub/Sub, and other APIs. This perimeter ensures that data access requests can only originate from networks explicitly authorized within the service perimeter. Even if an attacker acquires valid IAM credentials, they cannot access sensitive data from outside the controlled environment.
In highly regulated industries like healthcare, financial services, and government, compliance requirements frequently mandate strict control of access pathways. VPC Service Controls allow enterprises to define service perimeters around sensitive data, ensuring that managed services cannot be accessed from arbitrary locations. This significantly reduces attack surface exposure by ensuring that access is only permitted from trusted networks such as approved VPCs or on-prem networks connected through hybrid connectivity.
Option A, IAM Conditions with source IP restrictions, does not guarantee protection against data exfiltration. Attackers can still impersonate identities from approved networks or use compromised service accounts. IAM Conditions also do not scale cleanly for multi-project environments or hybrid topologies.
Option B, Private Google Access, allows VMs without external IPs to reach Google APIs using private paths. However, it does not enforce where managed service API traffic originates from. It does not prevent unauthorized networks from accessing data if identities are compromised.
Option D, Cloud Armor, applies only to HTTP(S) load-balanced traffic and cannot enforce restrictions on managed service APIs. It is not designed for governing internal API access to resources like BigQuery or Cloud Storage.
VPC Service Controls provide organization-wide enforcement, multi-project support, and a robust model for restricting API access to only authorized networks, satisfying the healthcare platform’s compliance requirements.
Question 63
Your enterprise wants to build a high-performance global content delivery system for internal media assets used by distributed teams. The assets are stored in multi-regional Cloud Storage buckets. You need fast edge delivery, caching, SSL termination at the edge, support for signed URLs, and seamless origin failover. The solution must not rely on self-managed proxies or appliances. Which Google Cloud solution should you implement?
A) Cloud CDN with an External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Cloud NAT with outbound caching enabled
C) TCP Proxy Load Balancer with regional instances
D) Cloud Interconnect directly connected to Cloud Storage
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The correct answer is A because Cloud CDN integrated with an External HTTP(S) Load Balancer provides global edge caching, secure delivery, and intelligent routing for content stored in Cloud Storage. Cloud CDN caches assets at edge locations worldwide, significantly reducing latency for distributed teams. It supports modern protocols such as HTTP/2 and QUIC and provides SSL/TLS termination at Google’s edge, improving performance and security.
By integrating Cloud CDN with an External HTTP(S) Load Balancer, you can also enable signed URLs to protect access to sensitive content. Signed URLs limit how long a user can download an object and prevent unauthorized access. Cloud CDN, combined with Cloud Storage as a backend, also enables origin failover so that if the primary bucket or backend becomes unavailable, traffic can be routed to a secondary origin automatically.
Option B, Cloud NAT, only provides secure outbound internet access for VMs without external IPs. It does not support caching or content delivery and is unrelated to inbound media distribution.
Option C, TCP Proxy Load Balancer, provides global L4 load balancing but lacks HTTP caching, signed URLs, and content-specific optimizations. It cannot integrate with Cloud Storage for edge delivery.
Option D, Cloud Interconnect, provides private connectivity but does not perform edge caching or global HTTP delivery. It is irrelevant to a distributed content delivery system.
Cloud CDN with an External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is the only choice that meets all requirements for secure, fast, global content distribution.
Question 64
Your company is implementing network segmentation across its Google Cloud environment. You want to ensure that firewall policies are centrally enforced across multiple projects, regardless of which team owns the resources. Certain “must enforce” security rules should take precedence and cannot be overridden by local project-level rules. The enterprise also requires consistent auditability, the ability to apply organization-wide deny or allow rules, and the flexibility to apply different security postures to different folders. Which Google Cloud feature best accomplishes this?
A) Subnet-level VPC firewall rules
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor IP allowlists
D) Shared VPC with service projects
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because hierarchical firewall policies allow administrators to define firewall rules at the organization or folder level, ensuring consistent enforcement across all associated projects. These policies override local project-level rules and provide a unified mechanism for enforcing mandatory security constraints such as deny-all rules, allowed corporate prefixes, or required logging settings.
Option A, subnet-level firewall rules, are scoped too narrowly and cannot enforce enterprise-wide standards. They do not provide centralized policy management or override capabilities across multiple projects.
Option C, Cloud Armor, applies only to HTTP(S) load-balanced traffic and not to internal VPC traffic. It cannot enforce organization-wide segmentation rules or override project-level firewall configurations.
Option D, Shared VPC, centralizes network infrastructure but does not enforce global firewall governance. It does not override local policies in unrelated projects.
Hierarchical firewall policies satisfy the organization’s requirement for centralized, enforced, and non-overridable security rules across folders and projects.
Question 65
Your enterprise requires a private, high-availability hybrid connectivity model that supports dynamic BGP routing, deterministic performance, redundancy across availability zones, and strict avoidance of the public internet. The network must support multi-region applications, automatic failover, and private communication between Google Cloud and on-prem systems. Which connectivity option best satisfies these mission-critical requirements?
A) HA VPN tunnels
B) Cloud VPN with static routes
C) Dedicated Interconnect with redundant circuits and Cloud Router
D) Partner Interconnect using a single VLAN attachment
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Dedicated Interconnect with redundant circuits provides the highest throughput, most reliable, and strictly private hybrid connectivity available between Google Cloud and on-prem networks. It entirely avoids the public internet, offering deterministic latency and performance. When paired with Cloud Router, Dedicated Interconnect supports dynamic BGP routing, allowing seamless route exchange and automatic failover during link or circuit outages. Redundant circuits placed in separate edge availability domains ensure enterprise-grade resiliency.
Option A, HA VPN, uses encrypted tunnels but still travels over the public internet. Although HA VPN improves availability, it cannot offer the predictable latency or maximum throughput required for mission-critical systems.
Option B, Cloud VPN with static routes, lacks dynamic routing and provides no automatic failover. Static routes must be manually updated, making them unsuitable for high-availability architectures.
Option D, Partner Interconnect with a single VLAN attachment, introduces a single point of failure. It may be acceptable for mid-tier workloads but does not meet strict redundancy and performance requirements.
Dedicated Interconnect with redundant circuits and Cloud Router is the only solution that satisfies the enterprise’s demand for ultra-reliable, private, scalable hybrid connectivity.
Question 66
Your enterprise hosts a mission-critical global application running across multiple Google Cloud regions. The application exposes several internal APIs consumed by workloads in different VPCs and projects. Each API must remain private, reachable only over Google’s private backbone. Access must be service-level rather than network-level, tenants must be fully isolated from one another, and no transitive networking relationships should exist. You also need the ability to meter consumption per consumer. Which Google Cloud feature best satisfies these requirements?
A) VPC Peering with firewall allow rules
B) Private Service Connect consumer endpoints
C) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer with Shared VPC
D) Cloud VPN tunnels for each consuming project
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Private Service Connect (PSC) consumer endpoints enable private, isolated, service-level access from multiple consumer VPCs to a producer service hosted in a central VPC. PSC provides the critical architectural guarantees the enterprise requires: private connectivity, service-level exposure, tenant isolation, and no transitive network visibility. Each consumer VPC creates a dedicated PSC endpoint—an internal IP within their own VPC—that maps directly to the producer’s service. The producer does not need to manage tenant routing configurations or VPC interconnection complexity, and consumers do not gain access to the producer VPC itself—only the service.
PSC ensures that all traffic flows privately over Google’s backbone, never traversing the public internet. Furthermore, PSC offers traffic metering at the per-consumer level, allowing billing transparency and usage monitoring across tenants. This is extremely valuable for shared API platforms, analytics systems, SaaS providers, and enterprise-level multi-tenant environments. Traffic metering also helps chargeback or cost allocation models within large organizations.
Option A, VPC Peering, violates several of the stated requirements. Peering creates a network-level trust boundary rather than a service-level boundary. It exposes entire IP ranges and allows broad lateral visibility. It lacks the ability to prevent transitive routing, and it cannot provide per-consumer metering or tenant isolation. With dozens or hundreds of consumer projects, VPC Peering becomes unmanageable.
Option C, Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer with Shared VPC, centralizes network control but does not isolate tenants. All workloads share the same underlying VPC infrastructure, and traffic arriving from consumer projects is not purely service-scoped. Shared VPC offers network connectivity but cannot provide multi-tenant isolation or service-only exposure. It also cannot scale to large multi-tenant API consumption scenarios.
Option D, Cloud VPN tunnels, introduces unnecessary complexity and uses the public internet, violating the requirement to keep all connectivity on Google’s private backbone. VPN tunnels operate at network-layer granularity, exposing entire CIDR ranges rather than individual services. Maintaining VPN tunnels for each tenant is operationally inefficient and error-prone.
PSC is the only solution that satisfies private connectivity, tenant isolation, per-consumer metering, and service-level access without exposing underlying networks.
Question 67
Your organization wants to reduce dependency on IP-based network controls and transition toward a zero-trust model where all internal service-to-service communication is authenticated and encrypted. The platform must support GKE clusters, Compute Engine workloads, and multi-region deployments. Traffic management must include canary releases, percentage-based traffic shifting, retries, and circuit breaking. Operational visibility must include request traces, latency metrics, and service dependency maps. Which Google Cloud technology should be deployed?
A) VPC Firewall Rules
B) Cloud Router and Cloud NAT
C) Anthos Service Mesh
D) TCP Proxy Load Balancer
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Anthos Service Mesh provides comprehensive service-level identity, mutual TLS encryption, fine-grained authorization, and centralized traffic management. It shifts security away from network perimeters and toward workload-level identity, aligning with zero-trust principles. Anthos Service Mesh enforces authentication and authorization based on service accounts rather than IP addresses, ensuring that traffic is validated cryptographically at the application layer.
This architecture supports both GKE and Compute Engine workloads, making it ideal for hybrid compute environments. Anthos Service Mesh also autonomously manages x.509 certificates, rotating them without developer intervention—a key requirement for secure communication at scale. Because it uses Envoy sidecars, applications do not need to be modified; traffic is intercepted and controlled transparently.
Traffic management capabilities include canary releases using weighted traffic distribution, circuit breaking to prevent cascading failures, retries for transient errors, outlier detection to quarantine unhealthy instances, and header-based routing for advanced deployment strategies. These capabilities help maintain resilience and robustness during rollouts, failovers, and regional shifts.
Option A, VPC Firewall Rules, is insufficient for zero-trust architectures because it only provides L3/L4 filtering and lacks application-level identity, encryption, or request-based authorization. Firewalls cannot enforce mTLS or granular service-level policies.
Option B, Cloud Router and Cloud NAT, handle routing and outbound internet access. They do not secure internal service communication, nor do they offer identity-aware or application-layer controls.
Option D, TCP Proxy Load Balancer, provides global TCP-level routing but does not offer mTLS between workloads, service-level authorization, or advanced traffic controls necessary for zero-trust architectures.
Anthos Service Mesh is the only solution that meets identity-aware, encrypted, policy-driven service communication requirements.
Question 68
A large enterprise plans to consolidate its cloud architecture by placing dozens of projects under a single Shared VPC. The networking team wants full control of subnets, firewall rules, routes, and hybrid connectivity while application teams manage only their workloads. Security requirements mandate that certain firewall rules must be enforced uniformly across all projects, with no possibility of override. The enterprise also wants the flexibility to apply different sets of mandatory rules to different teams based on organizational folder structure. Which Google Cloud capability fulfills this requirement?
A) Shared VPC alone
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Custom VPC firewall tags
D) Cloud Armor security policies
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because hierarchical firewall policies enable governance at the organization or folder level, ensuring mandatory rules are applied consistently across multiple projects and cannot be overridden by project-level firewall rules. This enforcement aligns precisely with enterprise security postures, where global “deny” or “allow” rules must be uniformly applied across the entire environment.
Shared VPC alone (Option A) centralizes networking resources but does not provide cross-project enforcement controls. It allows the central networking team to configure and manage networking infrastructure, but it does not override local policies in unrelated folders or enforce uniform top-down security standards across the organization’s structure.
Option C, custom firewall tags, help with identifying workloads but do not enforce immutable organization-wide policies. Tags rely on administrators correctly applying them, which introduces human error and inconsistent enforcement.
Option D, Cloud Armor, only applies to externally exposed HTTP(S) load-balanced applications. It is not capable of enforcing internal firewall rules for east-west VPC traffic.
Hierarchical firewall policies are the only solution that ensures consistent, non-overridable, centrally managed firewall governance across a large Shared VPC environment.
Question 69
Your company wants to interconnect many global VPCs and several on-prem data centers using a scalable hybrid architecture. The solution must support dynamic routing using BGP, centralized management, and a hub-and-spoke model where spokes do not automatically gain access to each other’s networks. The enterprise wants to minimize operational complexity while adding new VPCs over time. Which Google Cloud service provides this functionality?
A) VPC Peering mesh
B) Cloud Router alone
C) Network Connectivity Center (NCC)
D) Partner Interconnect without routing controls
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Network Connectivity Center (NCC) enables enterprises to create a hub-and-spoke topology linking multiple VPCs and on-prem networks. NCC integrates seamlessly with Cloud Router to provide dynamic BGP route exchange and simplifies hybrid connectivity. Each spoke (a VPC or on-prem site) connects only to the NCC hub, preventing lateral connectivity between spokes, which is essential for securing multi-domain environments.
Option A, a VPC Peering mesh, creates enormous operational complexity. Peering is non-transitive, meaning each VPC must peer individually with every other VPC, resulting in exponential configuration growth. It does not provide a hub-and-spoke architecture and cannot scale beyond small environments.
Option B, Cloud Router alone, handles route exchange but does not offer centralized topology management. It cannot group networks into hubs or control spoke-to-spoke isolation.
Option D, Partner Interconnect, offers hybrid connectivity but without centralized route governance, it cannot enforce isolation or hub-and-spoke routing. It lacks NCC’s topological control.
NCC is the only service that offers scalable, dynamic hybrid routing with centralized management and built-in isolation between spokes.
Question 70
A global enterprise wants to deliver a mission-critical public web application with extremely low latency, global failover, automatic multi-region health checks, and support for HTTP/2 and QUIC. The application must terminate HTTPS at edge locations and use Google’s private backbone for all transport. The enterprise requires a single anycast IP for global distribution and seamless regional failover. Which Google Cloud load-balancing product should they use?
A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer (Premium Tier)
C) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D) TCP Network Load Balancer
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because the Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer (Premium Tier) provides HTTP/HTTPS load balancing across multiple regions using Google’s private backbone. It terminates HTTPS sessions at Google’s global edge locations closest to users, significantly reducing latency and delivering consistent performance worldwide. It supports HTTP/2 and QUIC, improving connection performance for global users.
Option A is region-bound and cannot distribute traffic globally.
Option C is internal-only and cannot serve public clients.
Option D supports TCP traffic but lacks L7 routing, QUIC, HTTP/2, and advanced global failover.
The Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer (Premium Tier) is the only load balancer that satisfies all global distribution, latency, security, and multi-region failover requirements.
Question 71
Your enterprise operates a multi-region financial analytics platform running on GKE clusters and Compute Engine instances. The system requires strict workload identity, mutual TLS, and layer-7 traffic controls to enforce fine-grained service-to-service communication policies. You also need telemetry showing service dependency graphs, request latencies, error rates, and end-to-end traces. Traffic must be encrypted in transit, automatically authenticated based on workload identity, and centrally governed without requiring application code changes. Which Google Cloud technology best supports these requirements?
A) VPC firewall rules with IAM Conditions
B) Anthos Service Mesh using managed control plane
C) Cloud NAT with Cloud Router
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Anthos Service Mesh using a managed control plane provides the strongest, most comprehensive solution for identity-aware, policy-driven, encrypted service-to-service communication across distributed applications. Large financial organizations require strict identity validation for each service call, and Anthos Service Mesh supports this through workload identity provided by automatically issued and rotated certificates. These certificates allow workloads to cryptographically verify each other’s identities, which is a central requirement for zero-trust architectures.
One major advantage is that Anthos Service Mesh does not require any application code changes. The mesh injects Envoy proxies as sidecars next to each workload, and these proxies intercept and process traffic on behalf of the workload. This means the system automatically enforces mutual TLS, encrypting all service-to-service traffic while also ensuring authentication and authorization based on workload identity rather than IP address. This removes the complexity from developers and avoids security issues caused by inconsistent TLS implementations across teams.
Traffic management is another key requirement. Anthos Service Mesh supports advanced layer-7 traffic steering such as canary releases, progressive rollouts, fault injection for resilience testing, routing by headers or user identity, circuit breaking, retries, and timeout enforcement. These features help ensure that your financial analytics platform can deploy new updates safely, reduce the risk of cascading failures, and maintain service resilience even during unexpected surges or anomalies.
Telemetry is another major benefit that aligns with your enterprise needs. Anthos Service Mesh automatically collects fine-grained metrics and exports data about request count, request latency, error responses, traffic patterns, and dependency relationships between services. It generates a complete service topology graph showing how workloads interact, which is invaluable for identifying bottlenecks, diagnosing issues, and ensuring compliance and auditability in highly regulated environments.
Option A, VPC firewall rules with IAM Conditions, can secure the perimeter or restrict traffic based on identity and IP, but it does not enforce mutual TLS, workload identity, or service-level authorization. It provides only L3/L4 controls, lacking any application-layer intelligence or telemetry.
Option C, Cloud NAT with Cloud Router, is useful for outbound internet access using private VMs, but it provides no identity-aware security model, no encryption, and no service-level controls.
Option D, Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer, supports regional internal load balancing but does not support end-to-end encryption enforcement, mTLS, or service dependency visualization. It serves traffic at layer-4 and cannot enforce workload identity, making it insufficient for your platform.
Given the architectural requirements—automatic certificate rotation, workload identity, mTLS, traffic shaping, global observability, and zero application changes—Anthos Service Mesh is the only technology that meets every requirement comprehensively.
Question 72
Your networking team is centralizing security governance across hundreds of Google Cloud projects. These projects belong to different business units arranged under separate folders in the organization hierarchy. You must enforce mandatory ingress and egress rules across all workloads, ensuring that these policies cannot be overridden by project-level teams. Additionally, you want to apply different mandatory rules to different folders depending on the sensitivity of workloads. Which Google Cloud feature enables this governance model?
A) VPC Peering with firewall tags
B) Hierarchical firewall policies
C) Cloud Armor policies on external load balancers
D) Subnet-level VPC firewall rules
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because hierarchical firewall policies provide the only mechanism for enforcing top-down, centrally governed, non-overridable firewall rules across the organization’s Google Cloud hierarchy. These policies can be applied at the organization level or folder level, ensuring that all descendant projects inherit mandatory security controls. This allows enterprises to maintain strict, uniform ingress and egress rules across large multi-project environments while also applying different rule sets to different folders based on each business unit’s security posture.
Hierarchical firewall policies override project-level rules, meaning local administrators cannot bypass or modify the enforced security constraints. This is essential for organizations with strict compliance policies such as financial services, government, and healthcare, where centralized governance must maintain consistent enforcement across all workloads. For example, the security team may enforce a deny-all rule at the folder level, with specific allow rules for approved traffic patterns. Project-level teams can then add their own rules, but only if they align with the mandatory constraints already imposed.
Option A, VPC Peering with firewall tags, does not provide centralized security governance and cannot enforce policies across folders. Firewall tags may help classify workloads, but they are applied manually and are subject to user error, and peering does not provide global rule enforcement.
Option C, Cloud Armor, is designed for external HTTP(S) traffic only and cannot control internal traffic flows within or between VPCs. Cloud Armor also does not enforce project-level firewall governance.
Option D, subnet-level firewall rules, do not provide hierarchical or globally enforced behavior. They apply only within a particular VPC and lack the organization-wide enforcement model enterprises require.
Hierarchical firewall policies are the only solution that meets the enterprise-level requirements for top-down enforcement, folder-based segmentation, and non-overridable firewall rules across hundreds of projects.
Question 73
Your company is building a distributed microservices architecture that spans multiple GKE clusters in different Google Cloud regions. Services in one region must communicate securely with services in another region using mutual TLS and identity-based authorization. The platform must support request-level telemetry, service dependency visualization, traffic shaping, and fault injection. These capabilities must apply uniformly across clusters without requiring developers to modify their application code. Which Google Cloud feature best satisfies these requirements?
A) Multi-cluster Ingress
B) Cloud Router with dynamic routing
C) Anthos Service Mesh multi-cluster deployment
D) VPC Flow Logs with monitoring dashboard
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Anthos Service Mesh multi-cluster deployment provides a unified security and observability framework across multiple GKE clusters. It ensures that workloads in different regions authenticate each other using service-level identity certificates and communicate securely using mutual TLS. This meets the requirement for encrypted, authenticated, and authorized communication across clusters.
Anthos Service Mesh also supports multi-cluster service discovery. This means a service in one region can discover and route traffic to a service in another region without requiring developers to manage routing logic or implement cross-cluster security. The mesh automatically handles identity verification, load balancing, and policy enforcement across clusters.
Traffic shaping features like weighted routing, canary releases, circuit breaking, retries, and fault injection enable resilient multi-region architectures. These capabilities are essential when rolling out updates or testing service resilience under failure scenarios. Developers do not need to modify their code, because the mesh’s sidecar proxies intercept and manage traffic transparently on behalf of the services.
Telemetry is another major advantage. Anthos Service Mesh automatically collects detailed metrics about request counts, latencies, error rates, traffic patterns, and service dependencies. This data is used to generate service maps that show inter-region relationships between workloads, which is critical in distributed systems spanning multiple clusters.
Option A, Multi-cluster Ingress, provides multi-region load balancing but does not enforce mutual TLS or identity-based authorization between workloads. It also lacks full mesh observability and traffic control capabilities.
Option B, Cloud Router, provides routing only at the network level and does not provide any service-level identity, encryption, or telemetry.
Option D, VPC Flow Logs, provides network-level logging but does not offer service-level request traces, identity, mTLS, or traffic management.
Anthos Service Mesh multi-cluster deployment is the only solution that addresses security, identity, traffic shaping, telemetry, and multi-region interoperability with no application code modifications.
Question 74
Your enterprise requires secure, private connectivity between hundreds of tenant VPCs and a central producer VPC hosting shared services. The solution must provide tenant isolation, no VPC-level network exposure, no transitive routing, and private connectivity over Google’s backbone. Tenants must consume specific services without gaining access to other tenants or producer resources. Billing and traffic usage must be tracked per tenant. Which Google Cloud service best meets these requirements?
A) VPC Peering
B) Private Service Connect
C) Partner Interconnect
D) Cloud VPN per tenant
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Private Service Connect allows highly scalable, private, service-level consumption across independent VPCs while maintaining complete tenant isolation. Each consumer VPC creates a private endpoint that exposes only the targeted service, not the underlying network. This model ensures that tenants cannot access other tenants or producer-side network resources. It also allows the producer to meter traffic consumption for each tenant endpoint, which is essential for cost tracking and internal billing.
Option A, VPC Peering, exposes entire network CIDR ranges and cannot prevent lateral movement or transitive routing. It is also operationally infeasible to maintain peering for hundreds of tenants.
Option C, Partner Interconnect, provides hybrid connectivity rather than tenant-specific service-level connectivity and does not solve multi-tenant VPC isolation.
Option D, Cloud VPN per tenant, adds complexity, uses public internet, lacks isolation guarantees, and does not provide service-level granularity.
PSC is specifically engineered for large-scale private service consumption, making it the only option that matches all tenant isolation, service exposure, private routing, and usage metering requirements.
Question 75
A global enterprise requires a hybrid connectivity solution with deterministic performance, redundant private circuits, dynamic BGP routing, and no exposure to the public internet. The solution must support mission-critical multi-region applications that require strict availability, failover capability, and SLA-backed throughput guarantees. Which Google Cloud service meets all these requirements?
A) HA VPN
B) Dedicated Interconnect
C) Cloud VPN with static routes
D) Partner Interconnect with a single VLAN
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Dedicated Interconnect provides high-throughput, private, SLA-backed connectivity directly between on-prem data centers and Google Cloud. It avoids the public internet entirely and provides deterministic performance that mission-critical enterprise workloads depend on. Dedicated Interconnect supports redundant circuits across independent edge availability domains, ensuring resilience against failures and enabling seamless failover.
HA VPN (Option A) provides redundancy but still traverses the public internet, making performance unpredictable. Option C, Cloud VPN with static routes, does not support dynamic routing or high availability. Option D, Partner Interconnect with a single VLAN, introduces a failure point and does not meet strict enterprise redundancy requirements.
Dedicated Interconnect is the only connectivity model that fully supports redundant private links, high throughput, dynamic BGP routing, and enterprise-grade SLAs for multi-region hybrid workloads.
Question 76
Your company is deploying a distributed analytics platform across multiple GKE clusters in three Google Cloud regions. The platform requires encrypted service-to-service communication, policy-based authorization, workload identity enforcement, and full end-to-end telemetry. The traffic management layer must provide retries, circuit breaking, canary rollouts, region-based load balancing, and the ability to shift percentage-based traffic for progressive deployments. Developers must not modify application code to support these features. Which Google Cloud solution best meets these requirements?
A) VPC Firewall Rules with strict tagging
B) Anthos Service Mesh
C) Regional Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D) Cloud NAT with Cloud Router
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Anthos Service Mesh provides a comprehensive, identity-aware, encrypted, policy-driven service mesh that operates seamlessly across multiple GKE clusters and regions. Organizations deploying distributed analytics platforms require strong guarantees around workload security, consistent traffic management, and deep observability, all of which Anthos Service Mesh delivers through its managed control plane and Envoy sidecar proxies.
One of the most important benefits of Anthos Service Mesh is that it enforces workload identity using automatically issued and rotated certificates tied to service accounts. This allows workloads to authenticate one another cryptographically using mutual TLS rather than relying on network attributes such as IP ranges or firewall rules. In modern distributed architectures, especially in analytics platforms where services span several clusters, workload identity is essential because network perimeter approaches cannot accurately enforce access rules. Anthos Service Mesh ensures that every call between microservices carries authenticated identity information, which is a cornerstone of zero-trust architecture.
Traffic management capabilities are another major requirement of the analytics platform described. Anthos Service Mesh offers sophisticated traffic controls such as retries for transient failures, circuit breaking to protect systems from cascading failures, timeout policies, and percentage-based traffic splitting for progressive rollouts. This last capability is particularly important for multi-region deployments because the platform may roll out new versions region by region or in controlled percentages to reduce risk. The mesh allows these strategies without requiring developers to modify their applications, because all routing logic is handled transparently by the sidecar proxies and the managed control plane’s configuration modules.
Cross-region communication is also critical. Anthos Service Mesh supports multi-cluster, multi-region service discovery and communication. When properly configured, services in one cluster can securely communicate with services in another cluster via mTLS. The mesh handles certificate verification, ensures encrypted transport, and applies global policy across regions. Without a service mesh, replicating this level of identity enforcement and traffic management across regions would require major custom development effort and significant operational overhead.
Telemetry is another key benefit. Anthos Service Mesh automatically generates structured metrics, logs, and distributed traces for each request. This includes latency distributions, error summaries, per-service request volumes, dependency graphs, and detailed request traces. This level of observability is necessary for analytics platforms because queries, batch jobs, streaming pipelines, and API calls often fan out across multiple services. Understanding performance bottlenecks requires detailed telemetry, which Anthos Service Mesh provides out of the box.
Option A, VPC Firewall Rules with tagging, only provides network-layer security. It cannot enforce workload identity, mTLS, or service-level policy. Firewall rules cannot implement canary deployments, retries, or traffic shaping.
Option C, Regional Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer, provides L7 load balancing but only within a region. It does not provide cross-region service discovery, mTLS between services, identity enforcement, or traffic controls for internal service-to-service calls.
Option D, Cloud NAT with Cloud Router, does not provide any service-level capabilities, traffic controls, encryption, or identity enforcement.
Anthos Service Mesh is the only solution that integrates workload identity, encryption, cross-region service connectivity, traffic shaping, observability, and policy enforcement—all without requiring code changes.
Question 77
A telecommunications company is designing a multi-tenant platform where several independent VPCs must securely consume shared backend APIs hosted in a central producer VPC. The solution must maintain full tenant isolation, provide service-level rather than network-level connectivity, avoid VPC Peering sprawl, prevent transitive routing, and ensure that traffic never leaves Google’s private backbone. Additionally, you must meter API consumption per tenant for billing and usage analysis. Which Google Cloud networking feature should be used?
A) VPC Peering with per-tenant firewall rules
B) Cloud VPN with route-based BGP tunnels
C) Private Service Connect
D) Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because Private Service Connect (PSC) is the only Google Cloud technology designed specifically for scalable, isolated, tenant-specific consumption of centrally hosted services. In a telecommunications environment, where dozens or hundreds of customer or business-unit VPCs must access shared APIs, network-level sharing is insufficient and insecure. PSC exposes only the service, not the network, ensuring that tenants cannot reach each other or any other resources in the producer VPC.
PSC consumer endpoints act as private IP addresses within each tenant VPC. Each endpoint maps directly to the producer’s PSC service attachment, providing a private connection through Google’s backbone. This mechanism avoids any route sharing or exposure of CIDR blocks. Tenants do not need routing configuration beyond connecting to their local endpoint, and the producer VPC does not need to maintain complex routing tables or dozens of peering relationships.
One of the main reasons PSC is preferred for large-scale multi-tenant architectures is that it avoids the weaknesses and complexity of VPC Peering. Peering exposes entire networks rather than specific services, does not scale when many tenants are involved, and lacks tenant isolation. PSC, on the other hand, ensures service-level isolation and enforces a strict one-way model where consumers access only the published API, with no ability to traverse into the producer VPC or reach other tenants.
Metering is another critical requirement of the telecommunications use case. PSC naturally supports traffic metering at the per-consumer endpoint level. This allows granular tracking of consumption, making it ideal for usage-based billing or cost allocation models. Peering, VPN, or load balancers cannot provide per-tenant service consumption statistics at the required granularity.
Option A, VPC Peering, breaks the isolation requirement and is not scalable.
Option B, Cloud VPN with BGP, introduces significant operational overhead, uses the public internet, and cannot isolate tenants at the service level.
Option D, Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer, cannot provide tenant isolation or service-level exposure across VPCs.
PSC is the only fully isolated, scalable, service-level, private, metered connectivity solution.
Question 78
An enterprise security team wants to ensure that all Google Cloud managed services—such as BigQuery, Cloud Storage, and Pub/Sub—can only be accessed from trusted VPC networks. The team wants to prevent data exfiltration even if an attacker obtains IAM credentials. They must define security perimeters around sensitive projects, restrict API access to specific networks, and enforce uniform restrictions across multiple projects. Which Google Cloud feature provides this level of protection?
A) IAM Conditions with IP restrictions
B) VPC Service Controls
C) Cloud Armor applied at organization level
D) Private Google Access only
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because VPC Service Controls provide defense-in-depth protection for Google Cloud managed services by creating service perimeters around projects and APIs. These perimeters restrict access so that managed services can only be accessed from defined networks, such as approved VPCs or hybrid on-prem environments connected through VPN or Interconnect. Even if an attacker steals IAM credentials, they cannot access sensitive data from outside the perimeter because the API request would be blocked.
VPC Service Controls prevent data exfiltration by enforcing context-based access conditions that go beyond identity. While IAM focuses on who is making a request, VPC Service Controls focus on where the request originates from. This dual-layer approach is particularly important in high-security environments such as finance, government, and healthcare, where data must be protected from unauthorized access regardless of credential compromise.
Option A, IAM Conditions, can restrict actions based on IP addresses but provides no protection if requests originate from an allowed IP range. It also does not scale well across many projects.
Option C, Cloud Armor, only protects HTTP(S) load-balanced traffic and cannot restrict access to BigQuery, Cloud Storage, or Pub/Sub APIs.
Option D, Private Google Access, allows private VMs to access Google APIs but does not restrict who can access those APIs. It actually expands reachability rather than restricting it.
VPC Service Controls uniquely provide project-wide perimeters that protect managed services from exfiltration, making them the only correct solution for the enterprise security team’s requirements.
Question 79
Your organization needs to connect multiple on-prem data centers and dozens of Google Cloud VPCs in a scalable manner. The solution must support dynamic BGP routing, act as a central hub for hybrid and cloud-only connectivity, and prevent unintended transitive routing between spokes. You also want simplified network operations and easy onboarding of new VPCs. Which Google Cloud service best supports these requirements?
A) VPC Peering
B) Network Connectivity Center
C) Shared VPC
D) Cloud Router alone
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because Network Connectivity Center (NCC) provides a scalable hub-and-spoke architecture that integrates on-prem networks and multiple Google Cloud VPCs under a centralized routing and connectivity model. NCC uses Cloud Router to enable dynamic BGP routing between the hub and each spoke. This ensures that routes are exchanged automatically, failover occurs quickly, and routing remains simple even as the number of connected VPCs grows.
The essential benefit of NCC is that it prevents transitive routing. Spokes communicate with the hub but not with each other, helping maintain isolation and prevent accidental exposure. This is crucial in large enterprises where different VPCs may belong to different business units that require strict segmentation. NCC eliminates the need for full mesh peering, which becomes operationally unmanageable as the number of VPCs increases.
Option A, VPC Peering, is non-transitive and cannot scale. For dozens of VPCs, the number of peering links becomes unmanageable.
Option C, Shared VPC, centralizes networking but does not support hybrid environments or dynamic routing between unrelated VPCs.
Option D, Cloud Router alone, does not organize networks into a hub-and-spoke model; it simply exchanges BGP routes.
NCC is purpose-built for scalable, dynamic, centrally managed hybrid and multi-VPC connectivity.
Question 80
A global application requires a public-facing endpoint that terminates HTTPS at Google’s edge, supports multi-region backends, offers automatic global failover, performs continuous health checks, and routes users to the closest healthy region. Traffic must remain on Google’s private backbone, and the endpoint must support HTTP/2 and QUIC. Which Google Cloud solution should be used?
A) Regional External HTTP(S) Load Balancer
B) Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer (Premium Tier)
C) Internal HTTP(S) Load Balancer
D) TCP Proxy Load Balancer
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because the Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer in Premium Tier provides a globally distributed, anycast-based load-balancing solution that meets all the requirements of a mission-critical multi-region application. It terminates HTTPS at Google’s global edge locations closest to the user, reducing latency and improving performance. It supports HTTP/2 and QUIC, two key protocols for modern, high-speed applications.
Option A is region-specific and does not support global multi-region distribution or failover.
Option C is internal-only and not suitable for public-facing applications.
Option D provides global TCP routing but does not support QUIC, HTTP/2, or advanced L7 features.
The Global External HTTP(S) Load Balancer is the only service offering global distribution, multi-region health checks, automatic failover, and optimized routing over Google’s private backbone.
